INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

Norman Sike Institute

Mt Hagen

Psychology is the study of the mind. But it has to be addressed in relation to health, nutrition, absence of harmful drugs, sociology of family and physiology of the body.

This basic course will trace the evolution of psychology from the Dark Ages to the present time. It will show the horrors of early practice among people we would call witchdoctors today.

We need humility in the study of psychology as so much is hidden away from us in the recesses of our brains. So often the so-called experts in the past have been wrong in dealing with people’s minds. 

There have been people murdered by others who have an ideological agenda that some people have no right to live while others have the right to prosper and take their families to a good life.

This book will be the foundation of the study in psychology at the Norman Sike Institute in Mt Hagen. The approach will be balanced. History will be explained with an understanding that the past should not be repeated.

Modern developments will be explained.

Bruce Copeland BA BEdSt

Introduction to psychology

course time table

Week 1           World of the Mind

Week 2         Humans and animals

Week 3         Nature or nurture?

Week 4          Executing the convicted

Week 5            Test

Week 6            Treatment of the mentally ill

Week 7             Modern treatment begins

Week 8            Onset of dementia

Week 9          Growth of children

Week 10           Parasites, bacteria and viruses

Week 11              Test

Week 12           Living a positive lifestyle

Week 13           Sorcery killing in Papua New Guinea

Week 14           Psychology in the Modern World

Week 15           Revision

Week 16           Revision

Week 17            Final exam

Chapter 1  world of the mind

This book has been written to support a course in psychology at the Norman Sike Institute in Mt Hagen, Papua New Guinea. It replaces a course intended for Diploma students that sets out the theory of psychology in abstract words and even more abstract concepts that may trouble both tutors and students.

There is no recognition that the study of psychology has had an evil past of so-called experts in the human mind casting denunciations on innocent people and putting them to death.

We have to go forward in the study of psychology ready to learn the lessons of the past. Psychology as a discipline has had a history of only 200 years but the atrocities by experts of the mind go back even further.

Religious faith is an important part of the lives of the human race. We learn to love and respect our Creator and the people and other creatures of the earth. We read our books of Scripture and learn of Satan, the prime force of evil in the world

But religious faith has been used in past millennia to murder those people not deemed to be acceptable to God. In the Middle Ages, the Catholic faith was moving across Europe, supported by the Roman Empire.

In villages, there were women who performed the duties of doctors. They delivered babies and prescribed herbs to be used to cure the sick. But these women were seen by the church hierarchy to be enemies of God and competitors of the Church. They were called witches and burned at the stake.

The killing of women made life easier for the priests who became the primary carers in the villages. Over hundreds of years, there were hundreds of thousands of innocent women killed in the name of God.

Exorcism became a key to medical cure, particularly when the village was faced with sickness that they could not cure. It was attributed to sorcery and blamed on poor innocent witches. Evil spirits and demons were key forces to be removed from the bodies of sick people.

The evil time of the world of psychology came in the 1800s after the work of Sigmund Freud who laid the foundation of modern psychology and psychiatry.

It was believed that the human brain was divided into segments with specific functions. This view has been improved and refined in modern medicine but in the early days, the approach led to massive abuses.

The belief developed that we can predict the behaviour of human beings by study of the bumps on the skull. It was known as phrenology.

A concert pianist would have a special bump that allowed the appreciation of beautiful music. A murderer had another bump and a lowering of the frontal lobes of the skull. This person obviously had animal instincts, a capacity for brutal violence and a lack of mercy.

If we visit the Old Melbourne gaol in Australia, we have a surprise if we visit the section where the convicted men and women were hanged. We find in one room the death masks of all those hanged. Dozens of dead men and women stare at us with waxen sightless eyes.

The belief was that these death masks could be studied by the medical profession to determine the effects of the bumps and underlying brain on medical behaviour. These masks are now no more than a gruesome reminder of our past

This medical strategy did not die out until the last century when Adolf Hitler gave his doctors the freedom to study the human brain in the Nazi death camps. Some such doctors were middle aged men born in the 1800s and very much part of the study of phrenology.

They were influenced too by the study of human fossils of the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon men and women. The studies of Charles Darwin had brought us the theory of evolution.

We were all descended from pond water in the warm waters of the world. We came to the human race through evolution of monkeys and apes.

Let this book not raise fury among religious groups that we support evolution. There is so much that we still do not know. There is a massive guiding hand in the creation of every creature and plant on the planet.

Our body has the same basic structure of lions, frogs and cockroaches. This is a big master plan operating in creation.

But from the study of ancient man we have long learned of the thick, stocky Neanderthals with flat foreheads.

Then hundreds of thousands of years later there emerged Cro-Magnon men and women with tall bodies, high foreheads and obvious high intelligence to have wiped out the Neanderthals. Some modern belief is that they interbred with them.

But the Nazis took this one step further and integrated the ideas into their fascist ideology. The Germans were Aryan, the race of people from the north of Europe and Scandinavia who were tall and blond with blue eyes.

They lived in northern Germany with their full-breasted mate. They were descendants of the Cro-Magnon man. The Third Reich was to be the home for eternity of the Aryan race.

In Eastern Europe lived the Slavs in such countries as Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Many were said to be short and strong with low foreheads and low intelligence.

They were obviously descendants of the Neanderthals and contaminating the racial purity of the Aryan race. Slavs including the Gypsies were to die in thousands in the gas chambers of Europe.

The Nazis introduced the assessment of the skull called the Cephalic Index. The victim was measured by the angle between the jaw line and the forehead. Any measurement below 65 degrees made the person a Neanderthal animal with low instincts destined for death in the gas chambers.

So there have been times of deep shame in the modern history of the world. We have to learn from mistakes. There is no racial purity on the planet. All of us have genes from across the globe going back through our ancestors over thousands of years.

I recall a TV series about the killings of the Jews at Auschwitz. It was interesting to watch the interviews of the old men who were Gestapo officers and guards.

The officers had high foreheads while the guards had sloping foreheads. There was a self fulfilling prophesy there somewhere.

I recall reading about all this as a young man and found myself looking at my reflection in the mirror. Was I Cro-Magnon or Neanderthal? I think I was a little of both.

Modern study of DNA may bring an answer. Scientists are beginning to trace the movement of people from their early starting point in Africa up to Europe, across to China and down the coast of North America to South America and the Pacific Islands

Chapter 2   HUMANS and animals

The human race really has not understood the human being and the working of people in relation to the rest of living creatures. We know that the human race is at the top of the food chain and superior to lions, sharks, dogs, cats and snakes.

We have been told in Scripture that we have dominion over the birds and beasts. That has been taken to mean that we can kill all creatures of the earth which are our possessions. All trees are to be cut down.  All fish are to be caught and let to die.

We recall the early days of America when the railways traversed the Wild West and crossed the prairies covered with herds of buffalo.

It was a great pastime for passengers to open train windows and shoot buffalo with their rifles, leaving them to die and rot in the wilderness.

Great wild hunters would go to Africa to shoot lions, tigers and elephants so that a photo could be taken of the hunter standing with his rifle on his knee and foot on the neck of the dead animal. Its carcass was then left to rot.

We believe that only the human race has souls. No other creature has a soul. In recent years, researchers have told us that other animals have feeling and memory.

Elephants can communicate and grieve over dead family members. Dolphins will support their young as they grow in the seas of the world. They have language that we struggle to understand.

Monkeys have language in the troops of the Serengeti plain of Africa. They can advise of food and the arrival of the deadly eagle ready to snatch up a hapless monkey in its talons.

Chapter 3         NATURE OR NURTURE?

The scientific world has a new tool to be used to identify individuals and the clans from which they arose. In the 1950s scientists Watson and Crick gave us the deoxyribonucleic acid chain, commonly known as DNA.

It has been used to identify human remains from aircraft crashes, murders and rapes. It can indentify skeletons of other creatures. It is a long term print by which we are identified.

The question has long been asked of what is the key factor in our growth – nutrition, exercise, clean water and love or the influence of DNA? Are we governed by nurture or natural growth.

Many experiments have been carried out on identical twins. Scientists have found such twins who were separated at birth and lived not knowing of the existence of the other in homes of other people.

It has happened too often to be a coincidence that twins have been brought together after many years and interviewed. Both may be teachers with a degree in Arts, specializing in English. Both play the guitar and love classical music.

Perhaps we have all heard of legends about twins separated but suffered the same illnesses, felt pain and died together a long distance apart, all at the same time.

The modern era has brought another issue to the world. Are gay, lesbian and transvestite men and women born that way or brought up with another sexuality?

We have all met men and women who appear to belong to the other sex. A young man may be a woman and yearning to be so.

A young woman may want to be a man. There are medical procedures that can bring about the change.

The question arises as to whether gay men and women are born that way. It may be that some are the way they are born. The young man prefers to stay at home with the women and carry out women’s work

The young woman wants to be out with the boys. It may be that they are subject to nature. In settling into a gender identity, they may also be subject to nurture.

But that may change as she grows and moves away from the companionship of her brothers and their friends. She has grown out of being a tom boy.

But there is another possibility too. Take young Thomas Ponsonby the 6 year old son of Lord and Lady Algernon Ponsonby, sent to a British boarding school while the parents are on their cattle station in Northern Australia. He sees them on term breaks.

He sleeps in a dormitory with the other boys but soon finds himself in bed with his best chum. They have sex which young Algernon finds very pleasurable. Over a 10 year period, Algernon has sex only with school chums with no contact with girls.

Algernon is gay. He has been nurtured into his sexuality. He will leave school at Grade 12 with his chums and all will seek to study at Cambridge or Oxford. Two will graduate to join the military. Algernon will find a place in the Foreign Office and his chum will be a clergyman.

There was a famous case in the 1950s in Britain of 4 young gay men who became spies for the USSR. There were Philby, Maclean and Blount.

So we can say that young people can be gay, lesbian or transvestite by Nature or Nurture.

CHAPTER 4  executing the convicted

For centuries, criminals have been executed for their crimes. The practice continues in many countries including United States, China, Japan, Malaysia and Indonesia.

But many countries now oppose capital punishment as it is seen as a cruel punishment that has no effect on reducing the crime rate.

There is cruelty in such punishment as many convicted criminals may be on death row for a decade before execution takes place. They are being punished twice.

There has been an ongoing concern about the impending execution of Australian drug smugglers in Indonesia. It is sad to read the letter from one of the prisoners to the Indonesia president.

He addressed him respectfully calling him Bapak and asks to be spared as he has changed to become a good man who helps in the art and education classes and regrets his crime of smuggling heroin.

Sadly there is no forgiveness for those who are convicted and who become changed people as we all do in our lives. The convicted prisoners are not allowed to grow as human beings.

There have been men and women who have served a sentence on death row in a US prison and become changed. Prison has changed their spirituality. Some are Christian and seeking forgiveness. But they are not forgiven and are duly executed at the end of 15 years.

The psychology of such executions is sad. People can change. Those who believe there is a soul will be appalled that a good person is being put to death. The state should have the capacity for forgiveness.

The families of the deceased will argue that their dead loved one shot by the convicted man, had no chance to change his life. The young girl raped and murdered had no chance to live.

We are finding from newspaper reports that the age of DNA is finding that men and women gaoled 20 years ago are innocent as their DNA did not match the samples taken at the scene of the crime.

There will be executed men and women found to be innocent. But it is then too late. The state has already taken their lives.

We come back to the Nature-Nurture argument. Are murderers born that way? Some are and have become serial murderers or rapists. Others have had an appalling history of violence, abuse, drug taking and rape. Should those nurtured badly be put to death?

Reports show that most of the inmates of US and Australian prisons are negro or aboriginal. Many may surely have been nurtured badly as children.

Chapter 5  –  Treatment of the mentally ill

There has been extreme cruelty to the mentally ill in asylums or mental hospitals of centuries past. The sick were treated like wild dogs. They were locked into a large cell often in chains. There was no bath facilities and the cell stank of faeces.

There was no medical treatment as the doctors had no idea of what to do. The mental hospitals had visitors hours which allowed people to come and view the sick chained to the wall all for a Sunday afternoon entertainment.

If the sick were near the iron barred door, the visitor could poke the unfortunate person with a high fashioned walking stick to show his girl friend how a mad person might growl or howl like a dog.

There was no treatment and no release. Inmates were in the mental hospital until death. Young people would be put into the cell and be subject to sexual violence and abuse.

The sick person was unable to live a normal life. Mental disorders affected most aspects of the person’s life. They had no physical functioning and unable to control urine and faeces.

Their behaviour and emotions were confused and uncontrolled. They had no interpersonal relationships, sexuality and ability to work or play. The doctors had no idea of how to treat such symptoms and no facilities in which to work.

Chapter 7 - Modern treatment begins

As the nineteenth century advanced, the physicians began to specialize in the treatment of the mentally ill. They practised moral treatment to quieten the mental turmoil and restoring the capacity of the patient to live in a normal world.

But towards the end of the 18^th century, the physicians began to use a strategy that has been developed to the present time. It was that sickness was caused by biological and social influences – Nature and Nurture.

The key factor in a psychoanalytical approach came with the writings of Sigmund Freud. He saw that there were 3 levels of awareness – conscious, sub-conscious and unconscious.

We all live in the conscious on a day to day basis. Then we sleep in the sub-conscious. There are memories in the sub-conscious that influence our behaviour. A person may be taken to see a deep waterfall but terrified by a memory of falling down a cliff as a small boy that frightens him still.

The unconscious lies deep in our psyche. These are memories that we have forgotten about but still lurk within us. The answer to many psychological problems may have to be drawn out and faced by the sufferer.

There was one terrible case in the United States over 25 years ago. A young woman went to a psychiatrist and was hypnotised to seek out recall of memories deep in her unconscious.

She started to recall being raped by her pastor father assisted by her mother. The psychiatrist questioned in depth and found out more details of how she would be held down by her mother and raped by her father. She became pregnant.

The matter was reported to the police and the church. The pastor denied his guilt but was expelled by the church and taken to Court.

The young girl could not remember anymore as her hypnosis was finished. But medical checks found that she was a virgin. This caused uproar.

Who was to blame? The suggestion was that the psychiatrist had planted the ideas in the young girl’s head and allowed her to fantasize on what was not real.

This can be a real problem for finding out sexual abuse in young children at the hands of a dishonest counsellor. The ideas are planted in the child.

Does your father touch you here?

No.

Are you sure?

Has he ever touched you here?

Yes.

Did he push his hand like this?

Yyyyes.

And did he put his face to you like this?

Yyyess.

You were frightened weren’t you?

Yyyes

Did you cry?

Yyyes

Chap 8    ONSET OF DEMENTIA

Dementia is a state of awareness caused by damage to the brain. This affects perceptions and awareness of reality. Dementia removes the ability of the sufferer to think and usually causes the onset of hallucinations and delusions.

Hallucinations come to the sufferer in the forms of images of which the sufferer is a part. It seems real. The person may wake up to find a group of men and women standing around the bed. They talk to him.

Delusions are beliefs that are not real. The sufferer may think he is in an aircraft and working as the Captain. It is not real.

Dementia comes to people suffering from a stroke, Alzheimers Disease, schizophrenia and HIV/AIDS. In each there has been crucial brain damage.

The dementia may proceed to the point that the sufferer cannot remember his name, where he lives, the number of the bus nor the identity of family and friends.

In the book recorded on Google April Fool written by Bryce Courtenay about his dying HIV infected son Damien, he says that towards the end, the son suffered delusions. He saw himself as a famous doctor, the commander of the army and the commissioner of police.

He believed he had discovered the cure for AIDS and was being pursued by the Central Intelligence Agency. He believed that all doctors and nurses were CIA agents determined to kill him.

There was Linda who died in Port Moresby in 2003. She believed that she was being pursued by highlanders to kill her.

She believed she had killed her ex-husbands girl friend and was being pursued by a Samarai woman, the mother of the girl. She would come at night as a black bird.

There are similarities between the two sufferers above. Both were HIV infected. Both had delusions and hallucinations. Both believed there were people chasing them to kill them.

Three years ago, I spent 3 weeks in ICU at the Port Moresby General Hospital suffering from tuberculosis.

One night, I awoke after a round of drugs to find the walls and ceiling of the room were coloured like a pharoah’s tomb. There was a crocodile in the ceiling trying to reach down to bite me.

Old people with Alzheimers Disease suffer from a wastage of the brain. They slowly forget everything and do not even recognize the faces of their spouse and children.

Chapter 9   Growth of Children

The key lesson to this course is the growth of children. Young people will be close to being married and becoming parents. They need to understand how to raise their children and understand the processes through which the children will go.

Parents have to understand that there is a constant set of stages for a child in growing from a baby to an independent adult. This work was developed by D.P. Ausubel whose work is recorded on Google.

Omnipotent stage.  The child is born and becomes completely helpless for many months. The child depends completely on the mother to help with every cry. The baby cries when hungry. More crying if the nappy is soiled. The child needs to be held by the mother.

The mother comes running. The child has the idea that he/she is the boss. A woman with sweet voice and soft breasts comes at every cry. This perception of being omnipotent may last for over a year.

Satellizing stage.   The child gets to a point of being quite unbearable for the mother and father. They are forever responding to a child’s cries and screams. The time is coming for the baby to learn the facts of life.

The parent starts to discipline the child in loving ways. Screams no longer bring the mother running. The child slowly learns that the way to get what they want is to be polite and helpful to the parents.

They no longer scream. They start to see themselves not as the centre of the universe but as a satellite circling the moon. The child becomes a polite and loving child and gets what they want.

Some children with weak parents never move away from the omnipotent stage and spend their young lives bullying their parents and making demands.

Moving away stage.  Now the child is going to school. No longer does the parent escort the child. Now the child comes home with friends and comes through the front door alone or with friends.

Within a year or two, the child wants to join the school football team and does not want the parents to come. He goes with his friends. He wants money for a drink.

The time is coming for the child to want a boy or girl friend. They want to go to the beach with this person and his friends.

The child is now in high school and wants to study at university. The child is accepted and wants to live in a flat near the high school. The child is moving away from the satellite of family.

The child is now a young man or woman and wants to get married. A baby is born and the son or daughter move into a new life with the child..........

Omnipotent stage.  The child is born and becomes completely helpless for many months. The child depends completely on the mother to help with every cry. The baby cries when hungry. More crying if the nappy is soiled. The child needs to be held by the mother. The wheel continues to turn, generation by generation.

Chapter 10 – parasites, bActeria and viruses

The difficulty in writing this study program is to determine whether or not the focus is still on psychology. There are close links between psychology, medicine and healthy living.

So this book regularly crosses between psychology, medicine, healthy living with occasional reference to sorcery. In the end these are all associated with the brain and its functions.

The key organ in the body is the brain. It sits in the skull and coordinates all functions of all body systems. It consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, optic nerve, hypothalamus and spinal cord.

Like every other body organ linked to a body system, there is need for water, salts, nutrients, oxygen and removal of waste. Each cell of the body needs nutrition.

The human being needs food in the form of water, fruit, vegetables, meat, carbohydrates and protein. There is a need to avoid such body contaminants as tobacco, alcohol, drugs and fatty food.

There is a need to protect the body from parasites, bacteria and viruses. Many find their way into the brain and can cause temporary or permanent damage.

It is the task of the human being to live a lifestyle that avoids such sources of damage by hygiene, clean water and food and safe sexual practices.

The HIV virus enters the body through the small intestine and is able to pass through the blood-brain barrier to enter the brain.

It can cause dementia in the later stages of infection and damage the optic nerve. A side effect of the HIV infection is to make the sufferer lose sight. WE have crossed briefly from psychology to medicine.

The anopheles mosquito is the host to the cerebral malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum that causes cerebral malaria. This parasite enters the brain and causes memory loss, inability to stand without falling over and cerebral palsy in the later stages.

There was a young man in the Port Moresby General Hospital some years ago who appeared to be an illegal immigrant.

He was suffering from cerebral malaria which manifested itself in memory loss. He did not know who he was which prevented the hospital staff from contacting his embassy to advise his parents.

His hands were clenched into fists like a person suffering from serious cerebral palsy. Obviously the key parts of his brain had been damaged.

I too was suffering from cerebral malaria having been found unconscious in my flat after not coming to work for three days. I was in no position to give any support to this young man, perhaps from Afghanistan or Iraq.

Chapter 11 – livE a positive lifestyle

So psychology is closely linked to medicine and physiology of the body. To refer to one is to include the others.

We need to understand the working of the brain and nervous system and the need for peace and love. We need to live in a family who will love and care for us and be loved and looked after in return.

Stress of the human being will affect the nervous system and brain and then pass into every other body system.

We need to have peace, love and hope for the future. We have to be in a family with friends to support us and help us relax with humour, laughter, smiles, games and sports.

We would benefit greatly if we were able to play volley ball or touch football every afternoon. We may be part of a faith family with regular worship and fellowship.

We need to eat healthy food that keeps our body strong. There is value in eating fruit and vegetables, ripe and uncooked if possible.

Clean water will pass through our bodies and maintain the water- salt balance or homeostasis. It will prevent dehydration that often accompanies diarrhoea caused by infection in the small intestine and blockage of absorption through the lining of the small intestine or gut.

Each day we need to exercise by jogging, walking or running. This strengthens our muscles and the passage of blood through the vessels to the heart.

Most important of all is to avoid smoking tobacco or marijuana. These cause all kinds of problems to every system of the body. Both will affect the blood and cause the passage of poisons through the body systems.

Marijuana damages the brain often irreversibly. A key message in psychology is not to smoke marijuana. There are countries moving to legalize marijuana.

In Papua New Guinea, there is a very potent species of marijuana grown mainly in the highlands. Every week we read in the media of a gruesome murder in the nation.

A young man has killed his mother with a bush knife. He cut off her breasts and removed her tongue. Then he threw her into the river. That has all the hall marks of a marijuana killing. The young man has become mentally deranged.

There is an increasing number of women and girls who grow marijuana in their village gardens, process and distribute the processed marijuana. Girls smoke marijuana which is becoming the cause of violence of women with other women and with men.

Chapter 12 – Sorcery Killing

The regular incidence of sorcery killing in Papua New Guinea takes us back to the Middle Ages in Europe.

It all starts with a belief in evil demons and spirits. There are people seen to have a close relationship with the underworld who can call upon spirits to wreak damage on other people.

In Europe there was the burning of witches who would have been the village carers in delivering babies and giving herbal medicines to the sick. AS late as the 1600s, there were the witch trials at Salem in the American colony.

The problem in Papua New Guinea comes from the belief that all people die at the hands of other people. If someone dies, there has to be someone to blame. The victim is taken, tortured and killed with no more than a person laying the blame as the result of a dream.

There are those who say that the cause is a lack of education which is probably true. There are few if any sorcery killings in the urban areas.

We are told that if people know about the parasites of malaria and the mosquito, they will be less likely to blame someone. But who sent the mosquitoes to bite the victim who died? It can be a no-win situation.

There are activists in this country who claim that sorcery killing is gender violence against women. This is not true. There are woman sorcerers in some parts of the country and men sorcerers in other parts. So the killing is spread between men and women.

There are hidden agenda in sorcery killing. Many people killed are old without family and live alone. The killers want their land which is becoming scarce in the nation.

At times, the killers are young men who have known these old people all their lives and have now taken it upon themselves to make accusations, bash, burn and kill the old helpless person.

The most recent killing was the burning alive of a young woman Leniata in the highlands. She was accused by a gang led by a woman, doused with petrol and set alight. She has become a symbol of the evil of sorcery killing.

Chapter 13 - Psychology in modern living

In the modern era, psychology is a key factor in modern living. Parents learn of psychology in raising their children to be happy and balanced individuals.

Teachers study psychology to know how to develop a positive learning environment for the children. They come to know the problems and causes of troubled children who may suffer in the home environment.

Doctors and psychiatrists study psychology with psychoanalysis to help people with their personal problems. They treat people with problems caused by brain damage and advise on how to live a positive life.

Rogue advisors learn how to brain wash people into doing what they would not usually do. They encourage them to give money based on false promises. They know that many people believe what they want to believe and do not check on false promises.

Companies employ psychology to establish the intellectual and emotional state of applicants for employment. They use psychiatrists to counsel workers on personal problems.

Schools and universities use psychological testing to establish the mental state of applicants for work.

The Defence Forces use psychological testing in the selection of officers and employment of soldiers in combat roles.  It is also used in psychological warfare against an enemy.

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   ‎Zweites Buch - ‎Political views of Adolf Hitler - ‎Manifesto - ‎Bernhard Stempfle

REVIEW 

Explain the evil past of the experts of the mind

Why were witches burned at the stake?

What was phrenology?

How was phrenology used in the penal system?

Explain the past view of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons?

What was the Cephalic Index?

How is DNA being used today?

What is the view of the human race on animals?

Are gays and lesbians always born that way?

What is Nature and Nurture?

Explain the life of Thomas Ponsonby.

Should criminals be executed? Explain.

Explain treatment of mentally ill in past centuries.

Explain the theory of Sigmund Freud.

What is modern psychological treatment?

What is dementia?

What is hallucination?

Explain dementia on an AIDS infected person.

How does dementia affect a person?

Explain the growth of children.

How does HIV affect the brain?

Explain effects of cerebral malaria on the brain.

What do we do to have a positive lifestyle?

How can we harm our bodies?

Explain the burning of witches in early Europe.

Explain the sorcery killings in Papua New Guinea.

How can sorcery killing be stopped in this country?

Explain ways psychology is used in the modern world.
What was the theory of E. H. Ericksen?

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WELCOME TO BUSINESS STUDIES IN MT HAGEN

Welcome to highlands students enrolling at the Norman Sike Institute in Mt Hagen. We are due to start in late February once building modifications are complete.

We plan to conduct courses for Certificate and Diploma students in computing, business, economics, management and marketing. 

I am to be the Director of Studies once formalities are complete and will bring special skills and experience to my work. I have been a teacher in these areas for over 30 years in the Australian Defence Force and in Papua New Guinea business training.

I have a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Education from Queensland with a Certificate in Teaching English as a Foreign Language from Cambridge University.

I have been an officer in the Australian Army retiring in the rank of Major. I served at the Joint Services College in 1975-1977 as a teacher of many officer cadets, some of whom became Commanders of the PNGDF. 

I returned to Australia to be posted to the then RAAF School of Languages where I took courses for 14 years preparing Australian soldiers for posting to PNG with Tok Pisin and understanding of culture.

In 1985, I was awarded the PNG 10 Year Independence Medal for services to the PNGDF. I was one of only two Australian officers to be awarded.

On retirement from the Australian Army, I returned to PNG to become a senior teacher as deputy principal and senior subject master at three schools in Morobe province.

The wheel turns as I am now to be the Director of Studies at Norman Sike Institute in Mount Hagen and will give Education and Training a high level of polish. For all my life I have taught the studies of the Certificates and Diplomas at this school.

My Arts degree focussed on history and government of world nations, in particular the world powers and developing nations. I studied the dictatorships of the world led by Hitler, Stalin, Idi Amin and others and learned that the developing world will always suffer at the hands of the major industrial powers.

As an officer of the Australian Army I tutored officers for their current affairs promotion exams and again focused on the economic and political problems of the world nations.

I have been determined that the Certificate students will benefit from all this knowledge as I have chosen to take mainly management, economics and marketing. So I plan to make sure that the Diploma students are able to take in these areas too by regular tutoring.

I hope to make the Norman Sike Institute as a polished study centre with students coming to see the big picture of the economic and political world. It will mean a lot of hard work for all tutors.

The students of the Diploma courses lack a background of world affairs that I will now provide. It is not just enough to learn the theory of business without seeing what happens in the world.

CERTIFICATE IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION TO HR MANAGEMENT

Norman Sike Institute

Mt Hagen

                                                                  

A macro-management view showing the cultural and historical development of societies in the world from dictatorship to modern democracy. 

Study of HR Management is more than just looking at companies. Business schools make that mistake. Our school must not do that.

Bruce Copeland BA BEdSt

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Study Schedule over 17 weeks

Week 1                      General world affairs

Week 2                      General world affairs

Week 3                      Evolution of management in the world

Week 4                      HR Management in German dictatorship

Week 5                      HR Management in Russian dictatorship

Week 6                     Test

Week 7                      Management in Napoleonic dictatorship

Week 8                      Dictator errors in management

Week 9                      Mid term test

Week 10                   Democracy & dictatorship in HR Management

Week 11                   Left and Right wing dictatorship

Week 12                   Constituents of National Power

Week 13                   HR Management in  Papua New Guinea

Week 14                   Status of Women

Week 15                   Test

Week 16                   Revision

Week 17                   Final Exam

Chapter 1: The evolution of management in the world

This course has been designed to be of interest to staff and students. In the Diploma in Human Resources Management, there is a broad basis of subjects to take the students through a wide range of issues.

The basic strategy of Human Resources Management can be quite dry with focus on HR activities, industrial relations, employment, promotions, training, manpower planning, recruitment, selection tests, probationary period, induction, welfare, equality of opportunity, retirement, retrenchment, performance appraisal and pay.

But there is an amazing path to modern HR Management that takes us back to the beginning of the human race. So that is what will be the focus of this Certificate subject. HR Management follows the path of democracy and human rights.

In the modern western world, HR Management relates to human rights. People are no longer fodder to be used and disposed of by management in government and business. They are voters in the parliamentary process.

Workers can complain to police and take management to Court for wrong doing. They can be awarded compensation for injury. Women can take legal action for sexual harassment by management and fellow workers.

In industrial England and Germany, the factory owners were often the upper class gentry while the workers were of peasant stock. The owners were in a class higher than their workers and could give punishment to workers and families for any problems at the workplace. They would be on the street with no home having been evicted.

In the 1800s, women and children worked in the factories and mines. If they were sick, they were sacked and removed. If they died by sickness and injury, their bodies were removed and piled in a heap to be taken away. 

If they fell into a machine, the bloodied parts of the machine would be cleaned with a bucket of water and the factory would continue operations.

In World War1, the soldiers were of the working class while their officers were of the upper class. During the battles in the trenches of Europe, soldiers on both sides were bombarded by heavy artillery day and night for months.

Some soldiers became brain damaged and “shell shocked”. Many ran away. If arrested, they were not taken to hospital but shot for cowardice. This is the lowest level of Human Resource Management. Working class soldiers were just rubbish to be piled up before enemy guns.

In one night in the ANZAC attack on the Turks, 5000 Australians were killed. That meant that officers and men of whole battalions were just wiped out by useless advances and cruel enemy fire. In old time war, human resources were to be killed under orders of uncaring and foolish generals.

But the slaughter of soldiers goes back further than that. There was no medical support for soldiers injured and dying on the battlefield until the Crimean War in the 1850s. That was when Florence Nightingale brought nurses into the battle area and tended wounded soldiers in a special hospital. Care for wounded soldiers is only 160 years old.

In the days of Imperial Rome, soldiers who failed to win in battle could be sentenced to decimation. That was punishment for cowardice. The battalion would be lined up on the top of a cliff. The officer would walk behind and push every tenth man off the cliff to his death.

There was anger in the office of General Douglas Macarthur who had great criticism of the Australian soldiers on the Kokoda Track. They were retreating before the advancing Japanese. He considered that since there were only less than 200 killed, they were not fighting hard enough and were cowards.

The deaths of workers and soldiers of England was all part of the fact that England was not a democracy. People had no rights but only a future to die in mines, factories and battlefields. There was no support for families who starved.

If the mother stole bread for her child, she could be arrested, found guilty and sent as a convict to the convict settlement in New South Wales. That was after spending months in a rotting ship used as a gaol in the Thames River of London.

Chapter 2. HR Management in German Dictatorship

The world has suffered from cruelty to citizens during the last century. During the 1930s, Germany faced Adolf Hitler as their Fuhrer. He was the ultimate cruel genocidal dictator in modern times, apart from Joseph Stalin of Russia.

The German people had suffered greatly from the defeat in World War One. They faced unemployment, massive tuberculosis from the war, hyper-inflation as money was printed with no value. Poverty was part of German life and the people were angry.

Control of the German economy was in the hands of the Jews. Since the 1400s Europe was being divided into nation states. The main trading nations were in northern Germany.

For successful trading, there was needed skilled and experienced businessmen. So the Jews were welcomed into European countries. Poland allowed thousands of Jews to become the business elite. The Jews financed the German industrial expansion in heavy iron industries. They also financed German involvement in World War 1.

But they could not finance the war forever and were accused of cutting off funding to the German Government. They were blamed for the German defeat and the Depression that followed in 1930-31.

Hitler told the German people that the nation could only advance if the Jews were removed. This was a massive error in Human Resources Management.

The business class was destroyed in the gas chambers of Auschwitz, Treblinka and others. The Polish Jews were in greatest number and died in the hundreds of thousands in the gas chambers. We recall the horror of the Warsaw ghetto. 

Hitler had set up a dictatorship. People had no rights except the responsibility to die for the fatherland. Human resources management did not exist. Millions of Germans died in the armed forces. Many died of cold in the retreat from the Russian winter.

With the allied bombing of Germany in the war, the economic and political infrastructure was destroyed. It took the German people 30 years to build up after the war which they did with the economic support of the United States.

Now the business world of Germany is able to follow Human Resource Management with a democratic infrastructure and human rights for the German people.

Chapter 3. HR Management in Russian Dictatorship

The end of the 1800s saw massive poverty in Russia made worse during World War 1 with the invasion of the German army. The peasants were in poverty and blamed the Russian Tsar Nicholas 2 for not caring about them.

But there was a secret movement in the country put in place by Lenin who had been exiled from Russia but brought back by the Germans in a secret train. There is a famous painting of Lenin addressing people as he got off the train.

He started the Russian Revolution in 1917 with his group of socialists. The Tsar was arrested with his family and kept imprisoned in a forest. There they were shot and their bodies buried.

Lenin became the leader and found that the country was in an economic mess. So he allowed a brief period of private enterprise before he died in 1924. His place was taken by several senior leaders including Stalin, Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev. Stalin had them all killed and took over.

Stalin was to lead the country from 1924 to 1953 when it was believed he was poisoned. He faced the German invasion and worked to build up heavy industry. Tractors were produced to work on farms and pull guns in the war.

In 1931, Russia was slowly coming out of the Depression with all the other countries of the world. Stalin decided to increase food production by lowering the price of wheat for bread. But the prosperous middle class farmers Kulaks did not accept the drop in wheat and went on strike.

During the 1930s, Stalin announced a pogrom against the Jews, This meant that they were no longer under the protection of the law. For a set time, the Russian citizens could attack, kill and rape Jews. They could burn their houses and take their livestock. 

This was an example of ethnic cleansing that was carried out in Germany in the 1930s and Bosnia in the last 20 years against Moslems. This was human repression not human resource management.

Stalin had 1 ½ million Kulaks killed on their farms. Not good HR management. But before they died and could see the army moving through their valley, they burned all their wheat fields and destroyed all their livestock.

Stalin was a dictator who killed any possibility of HR Management. As a dictator he supported dictators in farms and factories. They treated the workers with cruelty. People were more interested in surviving than building the productivity of the factory or farm.

The factories and farms were taken over by the Government. All planning came from orders from the Government not strategic planning by factory managers. There was no HR management which may well still be a problem in Russia. Factories have poor planning and poor skills of workers.

Chapter 4 HR Management in Napoleonic Dictatorship

After the French Revolution, a whole class of French nobles was killed by guillotine. There was a new lifestyle that was to come based on Liberte, Egalite and Fraternite –liberty, equality and brotherhood.

The people were in poverty. The nobles had rich palaces with rich food and the best of chefs who were now unemployed. They set up new eating houses called restaurants which spread through Europe. The restaurant tradition came from the French Revolution 400 years ago.

Out of the Revolution came Napoleon Bonaparte who overturned the aims of the revolution and set up a cruel dictatorship. HR Management was still dead. He planned to take over Europe and put his brothers in charge of each conquered country as Governors. They became national dictators.

His big mistake as followed by Hitler was to invade Russia which was damaging to the nation in soldiers who died in the Russian winter. The Russians retreated east, east, east waiting for the onset of winter.

The French had advanced a thousand kilometres with summer uniforms. When the winter hit, the Russians advanced. When will they ever learn?

Chapter 5. Dictator Errors in HR Management

We now understand that organizations work well when there is a spirit of democracy. People are focussed on making the organization work well with shared ideas and not much cheating and jealousy.

They are chosen for their ability in specific skills. They seek to pass the skills on to other workers. They want to try out new ideas to improve the product or service. Communication is up, down and sideways.

But with dictators that never happens. They are interested only in their own plans even if the plans do not work. People are afraid to tell them this. They fear the dictator will regard them as enemy and have them and/or family killed.

So they tell the dictator lies. Of course it will work, my Fuhrer. Heil Hitler. They hope they are somewhere else when the plan fails.

At briefings Hitler would shout at his generals. He would not listen to any view that his orders could not be obeyed. You are traitors. Corporal arrest that general.

Stalin shared another problem with Uganda leader Idi Amin and several Caesars. That was that he would be poisoned or killed. Every senior officer was afraid to be near him. How do you know I am here? Who gave you the phone number?

Idi Amin would leave his headquarters with a convoy of several cars with tinted windows. He was in one car perhaps. All cars would head in different directions for the day. No one would know where he slept. If they did and Amin found out, they were on a death list.

As it was Stalin died in 1953. There is a strong suspicion that he was about to purge the upper leadership by having them killed. But someone poisoned him. He doied with his Intelligence chief Beria.

HR Management is impossible when there is no communication between the leader and senior officers. No one wants to tell the leader bad news.

A major problem for Napoleon, Stalin and Hitler was that they wanted to take control of too many countries. It just got too big. Every empire has the seeds of its destruction already within it from the beginning.

The dictator has to push each country down to stop it from making too many demands. Raw materials are to be taken as much as possible. Imported goods are to keep the country in poverty. Independence movements are to be stopped and members arrested.

But every invaded country has citizens that are building strength. They will soon demand independence and have the capacity to force their will. Papua New Guinea had a peaceful transition to independence through Somare and Whitlam.

The Indians had a bloody transition to independence with British soldiers opening fire on demonstrators several times. 

We saw in the movie Gandhi the shooting of hundreds of Sikhs at the Amritsar temple by a company of British led Indian soldiers.  The worst that the British ever did in Papua and Solomon Islands was to exile national trouble makers to outer islands.

Chapter 6. Democracy and Dictatorship in HR Management

HR Management can only succeed in nations that have democracy and rights for every man, woman and child. Every person has the right to earn a living by honest means and supported by the Government as much as possible.

Every race in a country has the right to exist and where possible to live on traditional land. They have the right to grow gardens and produce crops for sale in the markets and consumption by family.

They have the right to be protected by police and the armed forces from the actions of terrorists and criminals. Children have the right to go to school and study until they find a living for themselves and families to come.

There should be effort by Governments to provide employment to reduce poverty through unemployment and underemployment. This is pure Human Resource Management on a national scale.

Effort has to be made to help citizens with informal marketing throughout the country. This can only be achieved through maintenance and repair of roads, bridges, airstrips and wharves. Police action is necessary against the activities of criminals.

Dictatorships destroy Human Resource Management. The decisions of the dictator are paramount. People have all responsibilities and no rights. They can be gaoled and executed for criticizing the leader. The leader has full rights and the responsibility only to himself.

Hitler came to power protecting the family but he soon showed that the family were the work horses to building the nation with the duty to die in the effort. The Jewish race had no rights whatever and suffered extermination in gas chambers by the hundreds of thousands. Their only crime was to be Jewish.

In dictatorships, the police are given full power to arrest and kill. People can be arrested in their homes in the middle of the night and never be seen again. This is happening in South American nations at the hands of the drug lords.  Police and private thugs are not bound down by the judiciary and the Courts.

In Moslem countries, terrorists are proclaiming that girls should be in the home and not being given an education. In Africa, the Moslem terrorists have been attacking schools and kidnapping girls. Human Resource Management is only possible when there is gender equality. This is being practised in the western nations.

Chapter 7 Left and Right Wing Dictatorship

There are two extremes in dictatorships. There are the left wing and right wing systems of government. Karl Marx explained the difference in his statement that those forces that control the means of production also control the relations of production.

In other words, the groups of people who own the factories also control the government.

In the 1800s in Germany and England, the mines and factories were controlled by private owners who were millionaires, lived in luxurious houses and had many servants. 

They often found themselves in parliament and controlled all forces of industry – prices of goods, importation of raw materials and even control of the colonies. They controlled the Courts and police. They were the leaders of an extreme right wing Government.

In Germany, there was control by the major factories. The factory owners agreed to make guns, tank, aircraft and bullets for the Government. The factory owners expected that the Government used the armaments to invade other countries, supply iron, coal and oil for the factories.

The aggressive policy of the Government and factory owners produced an extreme right wing government.

In the early 20^th century, the Government and monarchy of Russia was taken over by communists who set up a dictatorship of the proletariat. That was the Government of the workers. All farms, mines and factories belonged to the people. There was to be no private ownership.

All countries in the world now see that private ownership is important. Communist China is now a nation of private enterprise still with a communist political structure. In the 1960s, Mao Tse tung punished any person following the capitalist road. Now private enterprise is seen as the key to China’s growth.

A major problem in China is that capitalism has brought corruption. Factories produce contaminated food, pollution of rivers and soil and deep air pollution. This is alarming the people and Chinese Government. The life expectancy of Chinese people has dropped in the last 60 years.

There are hundreds of Chinese people executed every year for corruption in industry and government.

HR Management is difficult in China with the huge population approaching 2 billion. There is the problem of employment and underemployment. Many Chinese are moving overseas to set up businesses in developed and developing counties.

A major problem is the corruption in business through nepotism. This is  practice of employing wantoks in selection. People who are not necessarily qualified may be given employment over applicants who are highly qualified.

Chapter 9  Status of Women

Over the millennia, the status of women has remained largely unchanged with the modern approach lifting women to the status of men, in theory at least.

Women have always been seen as the home makers whose role is to bear children, look after the house and have sexual relations with her husband.

We read in the Old Testament of the woman in the home, looking after the sheep, goats, chickens and children. They erect tents in the desert sand.

Through the centuries in Christian Europe, the role of women remained unchanged until the 20^th century. In England, a woman did not receive a share of the inheritance of the father upon his death.

The inheritance went to the sons. The woman’s job was to marry and be looked after by another man. Should there be no sons and the woman received the inheritance, the estate and money would become the property of her husband upon marriage.

The role of women changed in the late 19^th century with the movement of women demanding political rights. It was generally believed that women should not vote as their brains made them too emotional, making them vote for the wrong person.

I voted for that man as he wears nice clothes. Women were not a stupid as that. The status of women rose before the First and Second World Wars when they went to work in the factories while the men fought in the battlefields of Europe and Asia. They assembled guns, artillery shells and ammunition.

The role of women was never the same. They were not having babies and knitting for their families but working to support the war effort. After World War One, the women refused to go back to their domestic role.

The activists or suffragettes demonstrated in the streets demanding the right to vote. One well known leader was Emily Pankhurst who led women and ended up being dragged into police wagons kicking their long black dresses and boots.

Women were given the right to vote. The race had now started for women’s rights. The women went back into the factories at the start of World War 2. Many went to the battle front as nurses and entertainers.

Already the way had been paved by Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War in the 1850s when they became nurses caring for wounded and dying soldiers.

We recall the women nurses who went to the Asian theatre of war and were captured by the Japanese and placed in a prison of war. One group led by Sister Vivian Bullwinkle was called White Coolies. Many died in captivity.

The big change in the role of women came with the Labor Government of Gough Whitlam who moved to bring many changes to women’s rights. Up to that time, women were paid a salary less than men. That changed as late as the 1970s. Women had to resign if pregnant and about to give birth.

In the 1960s, the anti-Vietnam war protest led to the Women’s Liberation movement who took the fight into schools, universities and parliament. The University of Queensland defined Women’s Rights as a political ideology.

The next generation took the women’s fight further with involvement in the HIV/AIDS pandemic across the World. Women set up rights organizations in support of gay and lesbian rights.

They sought legalization of gay and lesbian sex across the world with several collateral aims such as adoption of children, gay and lesbian leaders in the Girl Guides and Boy Scouts and a gay and lesbian curriculum in schools.

There has been a failed effort to decriminalize gay and lesbian sex in the PNG parliament.

There has been a fierce opposition to the western gay and lesbian rights from the Moslem nations. Several nations in sub-Sahara Africa have legislated to make homosexuality a crime punishment by imprisonment.

We saw the legal action taken against the former leader of the Malaysian opposition Mr Anwar charged with sodomy. The gay and lesbian movement across the world has polarized the Christian opposition and homosexual political pressure.

In Australia over the last decade, the gay and lesbian movement have had a balance of power in the Australian parliament as members of the Greens movement.

There have been accusations on both sides. Gays and lesbians talk of stigma and discrimination. The opponents talk of infiltration of business and Government employment.

Gays and lesbians talk of rights of women and violence of men. Opponents accuse them of gross exaggeration and refer to violence of women. 

Gays and lesbians talk of rights of children. Opponents talk of paedophiles preying on children and destruction of family as a unit and of family values. They talk of the homosexuality in Scripture.

Chapter 10 - Role of Women in Papua New Guinea

But there has been a change beginning in the role of women in Papua New Guinea over the last decade. Women have long had a role primarily in support of the family.

But we have to understand that before coming of the white man, people lived in village areas afraid to venture into enemy territory for fear of being killed and the women taken. Women stayed in the village areas for their own safety and security of children.

Much has changed since colonial times. People now venture away from their areas with building of roads, road transport, air strips and wharves for coastal shipping.

People work in the urban areas beside others whose ancestors used to be their enemy. Tribal war still continues in this country though not on the same scale as before. Spears and shields have been replaced by automatic weapons.

In the past there was bride price. Big men who could afford more than one wife would do so, at times to forge friendship with neighbouring clans. It was generally accepted that a big man would care equally for his wives and children.

Today we see men who marry more than one wife and are unable to support the first wife and children. Both wives and children starve.

More than before, we find incidence of domestic violence between husbands and wives. We read in the media of women being killed by their husbands. There are occasionally incidents of wives injuring or killing their husbands.

The women’s prison in Bomana is full of women who have killed or injured other women whom they accuse of relationships with their husbands.

But there have been organizations set up in this country to support the empowerment of women. Women are a huge human resource that has to be managed effectively.

There is a bank now set up to help women in business and to train women to be empowered to help themselves. There is now legislation against violence towards women  in the home. A police unit has been set up to act in support of women.

The Lukautim Pikinini act of parliament was made to protect children. Children are also a massive human resource that has to be managed effectively. They have to go to school and be educated.

There has been deep controversy over the Outcomes Based Education and the need to develop the ability of children to read and write.

But the problems are still massive with universal basic education and the pressure to put children through school and on to university. There are not enough spaces and not enough jobs.

There are great differences between women in western nations including Papua New Guinea and women in Moslem nations. Islam follows the Koran that is based largely on the same Arab culture as in the Old Testament.

Women are still to be very much in the home. They cannot work outside the home without permission of the father or brothers. They may not study subjects at school without approval of men in the family.

In some Moslem countries, there is the regular incidence of honour killing of women by family men because they have been seen to shame the family. 

A woman in one country became a widow and married another man without permission of the family of her dead husband. She and her new family were slaughtered 29 years later.

Chapter 11. Constituents of National Power

All countries exist on a scale of national power. All the early developed imperial nations are still ahead on the scale. These would be Germany, Britain, and America. They have strength in primary, secondary and tertiary production.

These nations have obtained their raw material from the empires for over 300 years. In particular, the nations became industrial powers through access to iron and oil.

The nations have thrived over the centuries with industries to employ citizens as workers. They developed consumer economies which enabled citizens to go to university, buy houses and cars and enjoy pensions on retirement.

The bubble has begun to burst for the developed nations as they are being overtaken by the former developing nations – China, South Korea and Japan. The United States led the world in the automobile industry that is now being overtaken. Japanese car makers have set up in the USA.

The city of Detroit was once the leader of the US car making and has now been declared bankrupt with the major factories unable to pay pensions. The cake is now being shared by the former developing nations.

The constituents of power include land, labour, capital, resources, industry, technology, ideology, defence and alliances.

Japan had the capacity to be a world leader but has a basic weakness. That is the lack of domestic resources in oil. It was for this lack of oil that Japan entered World War 2 when the US and Britain made a blockade of oil from the Middle East to Japan.

In recent decades, there was discussion in business and government circles of the difference between donor oriented and recipient oriented aid. Many developed countries gave aid to suit their own needs not the needs of the recipient nation.

Roads may have helped villagers go to market. But the same roads enable timber to be carried to the wharf by foreign loggers.

The world is suffering from the ghost of recession. China is dropping in all production. This will have an impact of LNG sales from PNG and iron sales from Australia.

Chapter 12. HR Management in Papua New Guinea.

Papua New Guinea is a developing nation that is level 2 on the scale of 1 to 6 in world nations. It means that this nation is one from the bottom in industrial development. East Timor would be level 1.

Japan and China would be level 6 with full production and employment. But that is now in decline. This will affect exports from Papua New Guinea.

Papua New Guinea relies on sale of primary production in the form of oil, nickel and LNG. These employ a workforce of technical workers which is good and helps employment.

But there are limited foreign investments in secondary production. Cars are not manufactured with hundreds of second hand vehicles imported from Japan.

There is high unemployment in Papua New Guinea with deep problems in education and training. In 2015, less than 10 % of grade 12 students found a place at university. There are limited employment opportunities in the country.

HR Management is made impossible in this country with corruption. Massive amounts of capital are stolen by corrupt workers. A distressing situation arises with the teachers unable to receive leave fares because the money is said to have been diverted by corrupt provincial officers.

Corruption exists in the Government and business but cannot be stopped. Bank officers are diverting money to their own accounts. This country will never advance until theft of public monies is stopped.

REVIEW

Describe the status of ordinary people a thousand years ago?

Describe the rights of Kings of Europe a thousand years ago.

Explain the rights of women and children at that time.

Describe the conditions for soldiers in battle up to 200 years ago.

How do you feel about General Macarthur and criticisms of Australian

soldiers on the Kokoda Track in 1942?

How were poor people treated in Courts of England of 1700s and 1800s.

How had the people of Germany suffered in World War 1?

Why were the Jews blamed for German defeat.?

What punishment was given to the German race?

Explain the cruelty of Josef Stalin.

Why did he kill the Kulak farmers?

Why did the French Revolution happen?

Explain the errors dictators make.

What is dictatorship?

What is democracy?

Why is the death of empire present from the very beginning?

What is right wing government?

What is left wing government?

Explain the status of women from early days.

How did the status of women change with the world wars.

Describe the women’s movement in the modern era.

Describe the traditional status of women in Papua New Guinea.

What changes are being made to the rights of PNG women?

Should women be in the home and not in employment?

Explain the status of many Moslem women.

Explain the Constituents of Power.

What are the economic problems of Papua New Guinea?

What are the economic weaknesses of Japan?

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