I have taught these words to PNG students from grades 7-12. It gives them several hundred words in any one year. They see the derivation of words from prefixes-roots-suffixes.
This is the continuation of Rhythm Phonics the students may have learned in elementary school. Students can not understand the basics of English if they do not know the derivation of words.
Students come to know that English is not a magical collection of words but a systematic grouping of words, many derived from Latin and Greek. Meanings can be worked out on the basis of prefixes-roots-suffixes.
I learned these words at the age of 12-13 in Australian primary and high schools and have never forgotten. This was in 1959-1960. I am an old time teacher who has never forgotten the musical and logical basics of English words that PNG students never learn about.
Students come to know that English is not a magical collection of words but a systematic grouping of words, many derived from Latin and Greek. Meanings can be worked out on the basis of prefixes-roots-suffixes.
I learned these words at the age of 12-13 in Australian primary and high schools and have never forgotten. This was in 1959-1960. I am an old time teacher who has never forgotten the musical and logical basics of English words that PNG students never learn about.
Two thousand
years ago, Europe had been taken over by the Roman Empire that extended from
England to Spain, Portugal, France and Romania.
The Roman
empire was an enormous administrative structure that required records kept,
letters written and laws put into writing.
The language
used as the official means of communication was from the village of Latium
across the Tiber River from Rome. Most educated men in the Roman administration
came from Latium.
The language
was Latin that was used in Rome and every other province of the empire.
It was
spread across the empire by priests of the Catholic Church. Latin is still the
official language of the Catholic Church in Rome.
All the
provinces of England, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Romania used Latin in
administration just as Papua New Guinea uses English.
Over the
next 500 years, the Roman Empire slowly declined in power. The provinces looked
after themselves. The official language of Latin was slowly replaced by the
vernacular languages.
England was
no longer a province of the Roman Empire and was invaded in 1215 by the Normans
of France who brought the Latin based French language.
William the
Conqueror made English the official language that was a mixture mainly of Saxon
and Latin.
But the
languages of the new nation states were a mixture of Latin and other languages.
English was a mixture of latin, Saxon, Jute and Norman French.
The Normans
were really Vikings from Scandinavia who invaded most of the European nations
along the North Sea and Mediterranean Sea. They used to bring their long boats
up the Seine River to attack Paris.
The King of
France built low bridges across the Seine River to stop the Vikings from coming
up the River. But they kept on coming.
So he
offered the land on the coast to the Vikings if they stopped attacking France.
It was called Normandy then and now. After that the Vikings attacked and
conquered England.
The Vikings
were called North men which then became Normans. The Vikings settled England
and Ireland.
The
languages of Spain and Italy were based on Latin too. Both languages had a
different rhythm and music from English.
Caput – the
head – Captain (English) Kapitain (Spanish) and Kapitano (Italian).
The Spanish
and Italian loved to put extra vowels into words. Kapitano,
Gina Lollobrigida, Marcello Mastroanni, Claudio
Santa Rossa.
There are
interesting words in French and English:
The Saxon
farmers raised pigs. The French raised porcas. The English name
for pig meat is pork.
The Saxons
raised cows. The French raised boeuf. The English name for cow
meat is beef.
The Saxons
raised sheep. The French raised mouton. The English name for
sheep meat is mutton.
But now let
us look at the derivation of English words. Words may be put together with prefixes,
roots and suffixes.
Prefixes: de (down) re (back)
pre (before) pro (forward) com (together) ex, e (out of) trans (across) in
(into).
Suffixes: Ion (the act of)
or, er, ist (one who) ory, ery (place where)
Roots
from Latin
Ago (actus) I do agent , active, action, reaction,
reagent
Annus –a year
annual, anniversary, biannual
Cado (cadus) I fall decay, decadence, cadence
Cavus a hole
cavity, cavern, cave, excavate
Cedo (cessus) I go proceed,
precede, recede, recession, proceed, process,
procession, procedure
Caput the head capital, captain,
cap, decapitate
Capio (captus)
I take
capture
Cado (I fall) decay,
decadent, decade, cascade
Centum a hundred century, centenary, cent, centavo, centurion
bicentenary
Decem ten December, decimal, decimate, decade
Dens (dentis) a tooth dental, dentist,
denture
Dico I speak
diction, dictionary, indicate, indication
Scribo (scriptus) I write scribble, Scripture,
transcribe, transcription, prescription, script, describe, description,
inscribe, inscription
Traho (tractus) I draw tractor, extract, extraction, contract, detract, retract,
retraction
Pello (pulsus) I drive expel, expulsion,
compel, repel, propel, propeller, propulsion, pulse, pulsate
Pendeo (pendus) I hang pension, pendulum,
pendant, pennant, depend, dependent, dependant, independent, suspend,
suspension, penis
Premo (pressus) I press express, expression,
depress, depression, repress, compress, compression, suppress, supreme,
impress, impression
Primus first primary, prime, primitive, primeval
Mitto (missus) I send emit, emission, transmit, transmission, transmitter, committee,
permit, permission, remit, remission
Porto (portus) I carry report, reporter, transport, transportation, export, import,
deport, important
Facio (factus) I make factory, manufacture
Frango (frangus) I break fragile, fragment,
infringe, fraction
Manus
the hand
manual, manage, management, manuscript,
Mater a mother matron, maternal
Nascor I am born nation, native, nativity, felice navitat (Spain)
Pater a father patron, paternal, patronize
Parle I speak parley, parliament
Pes a foot pedal, pedestrian
Jacio (jectus) I throw reject, rejection,
inject, injection, eject, ejaculate, project, projection, interject,
interjection, projectile
Corpus the body corpuscle,
corps, corpse, corpulent, corpus Christie, corporation, incorporate, corporal
Cor the heart coronary, cordial, Sacre Coeur (Fr) courage,
courageous
Pax peace Pacific Ocean, pacify, pax brother.
Terra the earth terra firma, Mediterranean, terrestrial,
inter, subterranean
Lego (lectus) I gather collect, college, collection,
lecture, select, selection
Liber – free liberty, Liberia, Liberal, liberation
Specio (spectus) I see species, special, spectacle, spectacular,
inspect, inspection, respect, despise, inspector
Secto I cut bisect, intersect, dissection, section, insect
Cidus
I kill suicide, genocide, infanticide,
insecticide, homicide
Venio I come convene, invent, venture, adventure, advent,
Seventh Day Adventist
Pono (possus) I place postpone, impose,
expose, deposit
Vinco – I conquer convince, invincible, veni-vidi-vici
Nesia an island
Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia,
Indonesia
Acquas
water acquatic, acquarium
Fundo (fundus) I pour funnel, fund,
profound, refund
Video (vissus) I see vision, revise,
revision, visible, invisible, television
Specio (spectus) I see
special, species, inspect, inspector, respect, spectacles
Greek Roots
Zoon –an animal
zoo,
zoology
Bios life – biology
Logos
a study
biology, geology, physiology, parasitology
Demos the people – democracy, democratic
Polis
a city metropolitan, politician, police
Phos
light
photograph, phosphorus, photosynthesis
Grapho I write photograph, telegraph, graphite, graph
Anima – breath –animal, animate, animation
Metron a measure meter, meter, barometer, thermometer
Therme
heat thermometer, thermal
Pathos
feeling
pathetic, sympathy, apathy, pathos, pathetic
Baros
weight
isobar, barometer
Putting
words together
carry across
………………………..
carry out
…………………………….
carry in
……………………………….
carry
down………………………….
press into
……………………………
press
down………………………….
press
together……………………..
press
out…………………………….
hang
down…………………………
one who
hangs down…………
hangs from
above ………………
sends out
…………………………
sends
across……………………..
goes
forward…………………....
goes
back………………………….
goes outside
of…………………
goes
between…………………..
throws
in…………………………
act of
throwing in………………
throws
back………………………….
throws
out…………………………..
throws
between……………………
throws
forward……………………..
drives
out……………………………..
drives
forward,………………………
drives
aircraft forward……………
cut into
two……………………………
cut
between…………………………..
easily
broken…………………………..
broken into
pieces………………..
the whole is
broken ………………
relates to
teeth …………………….
one who
fixes teeth……………….
meat around
teeth………………
shows
pictures from afar...................
able to see
distant objects………
Words in sentences
He was the
(caput) …………………….. of the team
The earth
(volvo)…………………………around the sun
The soldiers
were (capio)…………………….by the enemy
She wore
(specio) ………………………….. to be able to read
You must (Video)
………………………your work before the exam
The teacher
will (specio)………… the books
His daughter
(pendeo) …………… on him for money
The bridge
was (pendeo) …………under the rope
He went to
(corpus) ……......Catholic college
She went to
(sacre. coeur. Fr) ……… Catholic college
Clothes were
(premo) …………by machine
Our
constitution is (premo) …………
Citizens
were (premo) ………by the army
He was given
a (cor) ……………welcome
The (corpus)
…………………………was placed in a coffin
His teeth
started to (cado) ………………………
The country
as divided into three (terra) …………………………
The (terra)
……………………….sea was the centre of the earth
No comments:
Post a Comment