Monday 30 March 2015

MONETARY POLICY STATEMENT FOR PAPUA NEW GUINEA

by Mr Loi Bakani Governor of the Bank of Papua New Guinea

This statement supports our report on this blog entitled Introduction to International Economics. In our report, we wrote to explain the role of the Reserve Banks of the world in setting monetary policy to maintain price stability. In this country, we have the Bank of Papua New Guinea. Please click:

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Mar 11, 2015 - INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS .... That means that 
families have to budget more tightly and not spend so much on luxuries. ..... But it is the 
degree of support that the aid can give to improving life in the .

We explained the role of Reserve Banks as a coach being pulled by a team of horses and driven by the coachman. If the horses were galloping too fast, he would rein in and slow the coach down. If the horses were too slow, he would let the reins go loose and crack the whip to speed up the coach.

The Monetary Policy Statement sets out the key factors that are involved according to coachman Mr Bakani. There is price stability, kina exchange rate, production and export of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), high economic growth, expansionary fiscal policy, high import demand, net inflows and unauthorised banking business of foreign banks.

Other key factors include Gross Domestic Product (GDP), non-mineral sector, depreciation of the kina, balance of payments, annual inflation outcome, international oil prices, global inflation, balance of payments, gross foreign exchange reserves, depreciation of the kina against the US dollar, supply of foreign currency,  investment in the non-mineral export sector especially agriculture, fisheries and forestry, Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF).

Can you see the big picture? Let us start from the world picture. The key to economic stability is the international economic scene. The PNG kina has to stand strong against the major world currencies mainly the US dollar. There has to be inflow of international currency to PNG. This is achieved mainly through sales of LNG.

This country also requires foreign exchange reserves that currently stand at K5 billion kina. Mr Bakani expresses concern at unauthorised banking business of foreign banks taking foreign and domestic currencies out. We all read that there have been reports of a certain ethnic group illegally exporting PNG currency. The Bank of PNG needs to control the outflow of currency.

Mr Bakani points out that expansionary fiscal policy accompanying high economic growth increases the spending of the community and produces high import demand. More people want a car imported from Japan. Out goes the PNG currency to an overseas source.

There are international factors that reduce the economic stability of PNG. There is the reduced price for world oil. There is a drop in industrial production in major countries which will reduce the mineral market. This will affect the strength of the kina and the inflow of foreign capital. There will be depreciation of the kina.

The Bank of PNG has to take steps. High import demand can be reduced with a rise in interest rates. Funds can be released from the gross foreign exchange reserves which last year stood at K5 billion though this should be a last resort. Deficit budgets can be strengthened as a last resort after spending has been trimmed.

Mr Bakani refers to the Sovereign Wealth Fund before parliament to prudently manage revenue inflows from LNG and other mineral projects. The PNG coachman points out that all revenue inflows should go through the Bank of PNG.

The most important site of investment has to be in maintaining the coach. Mr Bakani refers to Open Market Operations (OMOs) that involve the auction of Central Bank Bills (CBBs), Treasury Bills, and inscribed stocks to Other Depository Corporations and general public with Repo transactions with Central Banks.

The nation invests in itself. In Australia, banks have to invest in Statutory Reserve Deposits (SRDs)

Sunday 29 March 2015

MY BEAUTIFUL PNG DAUGHTERS

I have two beautiful daughters, as they say Australian and Eastern Highlands mix. Rachael is nearly 18 years old while Lisa is 17 years old this year. Both have given me more trouble than any children in my life. But they are lovely and loyal to their dad.

I have looked after both of them almost all their lives as a single father. Their mother left us when Rachael was 13 months old. Lisa came to me at the age of two after I took the mother to National Court for custody. 

I was an expatriate man but able to show the Court that I was the key carer who would continue to look after the girls. I will never forget Court day before cross old Mr Justice Mark Sevua of Low Island Manus. Defence counsel advised that aircraft had just crashed into the US Trade Centre.

Rachael spent most of her time wanting to climb up and sit with the judge. He did not put her or me in the cells for contempt. Mr Justice Sevua died on Manus about 6 months ago.

The mother went back to the village and I looked after the girls all the rest of their lives. Both were rascol girls who were never where I hoped they would be. It is 6.30pm and the girls are not at home. Dinner is served and where the hell are they? I was the only white man regularly walking the streets calling the girls.

Rachael was very much like me. She had a sense of right and wrong and level headed in her understandings. I tried to find them a mother but was most unsuccessful. 

It is a very special woman in PNG who will look after the children of another mother. Lisa was a raskol like her mother but very much dominated by her big sister.

The closest they got to a mother was Dorcas, the small sister of Nancy who lived with me for 3 years from 1993. Dorcas was six years old and has always called me dad. Now she is 27 and regarded as a sister by Rachael and Lisa. They are all the same size. They are three good looking women.

They grew up suddenly about 4 years ago when I spent almost a month in the Intensive Care Unit of Port Moresby General Hospital with a small heart attack followed by tuberculosis.

The girls came to the hospital nightly with a basket of fruit and promised they would care for me forever. Dorcas promised to have me buried in the village in the highlands. I felt better already. Back at home I still had to run the streets looking for my daughters.

Our lives changed forever when a man decided he wanted to marry Rachael. He pursued her and with a combination of lies and trickery managed to win her heart. They are now together with my daughter nearly 18 years old and the mother of a beautiful mixed race boy they called ..... Bruce.

So now I was alone with Lisa and the prospect of a job in Mt Hagen. I did not want Lisa to come with me. She stayed with her Aunty Serah and her husband who sent LIsa to private school. She has suddenly blossomed. No longer in her sister’s shadow, she is tall like her sister and clever.

Lisa came home last week to announce she was elected prefect. She has high grades in all her tests and is now in the school taekwondo team. She came to me at the age of 2 years speaking no English only Tok Pisin. I speak fluent Tok Pisin but spoke to her only in English.

By the time she went into elementary school, she could read English with the aid of phonics I put on computer. At the age of 9, I would give her a report from the newspaper to read aloud and to tell the story in her own words.

Rachael was not as interested but she now regrets that she left school and has a son. I take her books to read. Her favourite is the National Geographical magazine. So she is catching up to her little sister.

Rachael looks after her father now that he is sick. I live down the road and she sends a security guard at night with a cooked meal. Lisa comes to see me when she can or texts loving messages on her mobile phone. Can I have some credits dad? Is it your pay fortnight Thursday?

I have two daughters in Australia Michelle and Jenny I have not seen in so many years. They are completely different from their half sisters in Papua New Guinea. They are not kind. I know that if I went back to Australia, they would put me in a nursing home as I grew old and abandon me. My PNG daughters would never do that.

I cared for my Australian daughters all their lives until I left in marriage break-up when they were 23 and 20 respectively and in relationships with young men who were to be their husbands. 

They think they owe me nothing after a lifetime of childhood receiving all the love and support I could find. Now that I have gone, it is all over despite attempts to contact them.

They are not happy that I did not come back to Australia despite intentions and promises to come back after setting up a successful training company. 

But after my PNG daughters were born and their mother left, I could not leave them in PNG for fear they would be stolen by uncles and aunties and taken to live in the Eastern Highlands. I may have never seen them again. They are mixed race white. Rachael’s son is white.

I will never go back to Australia at least until my youngest daughter is 18 and makes her own decision. Up to now they need the signature of their mother who will never agree. They need me more than my daughters in Australia. Lisa has sent Face book messages but has been ignored.

I have two sons I have not seen for so long. My youngest Andrew is moderately disabled but lives happily by the family photos on Face book. He has a daughter. I dream of my Australian family every night. But I care about my PNG daughters every day.

The latest is that Lisa has become a member of the school taekwondo team. She was involved in a taekwondo bout last weekend and won all the heats. Her gold medal was worn around the neighbourhood. She says the school wants her to board at their expense to train up to the South Pacific Games in July.

She may well end up in the PNG Olympic team. Her half brother Damian in Australia was the most courageous young fighter in Kyokushin karate that I have seen. He was tough in delivery and moved like a ballet dancer.

I dream that before I die my children in Australia and PNG will all meet. Rachael is so much like Michelle. Lisa was so much like Jenny. All suffered from the big sister-little sister syndrome. The two elder girls are strong.

REVIEW OF "THE NEW SUPERVISOR"

Norman Sike Institute - Corporate Training. Phone 72153255

I have a wonderful book to be used as a reference text in the Management courses of Norman Sike Institute, particularly for corporate training.  It is called The New Supervisor and written by one Professor Elwood N. Chapman retired from the United States.

It is not a book of theory but of practical insights to being a modern supervisor. It explains the responsibilities a supervisor has to those both above and below. Often this person has the problem of being promoted from the ranks and required to supervise workers who were colleagues and often friends.

It traces the task ahead in an organization for a newly promoted supervisor. The book should be read by this person with support from the manager to whom the new supervisor is accountable.

I will find this book to be useful after our introduction that centred on management in a dictatorship illustrated by Adolf Hitler, Josef Stalin and Idi Amin who terrorized all workers with destruction of productivity and professional growth of the worker. Please click:

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To criticize one of these dictators was to die after being arrested by secret police in the middle of the night, never to be seen again. Effective management cannot occur in dictatorships but only in democracy where all people have equal rights that accompany responsibilities.

A supervisor will have been on the job for a number of years and knows the work of the department. This person will be aware of the cycle of success in providing goods or services. There will be awareness of the tasks of workers in maintaining and raising productivity.

The supervisor was the friend of colleagues in the work place and friendship can remain as long as it does not interfere with the working relationship. A supervisor is not the same person as before but has now to account directly to the manager and give honest advice on workers and the work place.

At the same time, the supervisor has the responsibility to stand up for workers who are under criticism from management. There needs to be understanding of circumstances surrounding any problem in the work place.

The book points out the perks of a supervisor in relation to salary, office and being part of the management team. At the same time, there are the pressures from longer hours, counselling workers on problems and performance and the responsibility for maintaining and lifting productivity.

It is also the task of the supervisor to identify and acknowledge workers who have the capacity for increased responsibility and possible promotion. Such workers can be given access to promotion training. The book stresses the importance of the supervisor not playing favourites with the need to counsel any workers who do not recognize this important reality.

It is too easy for a dishonest supervisor to discover any competitors for promotion and work to destroy their credibility in reports to management. Advice to management can be false with inaccurate assessments to make the worker look bad and remain unpromoted.

The book has many lists of tasks of the supervisor. But the reader has to realize that in every list are 3-4 tasks that are not valid. On first reading, I found myself to be questioning certain tasks before realizing that some were not correct. I was using the book as the author intended.

The book likens workers to potted plants. One worker may stay in the pot and not put out roots but remains in the same place. Another worker may put out roots and has to be removed and placed in a larger pot. Some workers will thrive in a larger work environment with broader and deeper tasks and responsibilities.

A supervisor needs to be respected by management and the workers under his responsibility. The person is to be trusted and relied upon to give accurate advice to management and workers.

Both know that this person is committed to the company and to the welfare of those in the work place. Nevertheless, there will be company secrets that cannot be passed on.

This person is never too busy and understands that there are many hours between mid-night and dawn if need be in emergency situations.

This person has the task to delegate responsibility to workers capable of doing the job thus relieving the supervisor of long hours of work. Advice and extra training is given together with praise for jobs well done.

Jobs well done are useful in staff appraisal reports and a sure key to future promotion of a subordinate worker. An effective supervisor knows the work capacity of all subordinate workers.

The supervisor quietly accepts responsibility to management for any failure. Support and extra training to the delegated worker may be advisable if an honest mistake was made. The manager may need to counsel the supervisor.

Comment: This is a useful book that can contrast starkly with the situation in some companies and Government Departments. In Papua New Guinea, there can be corruption in the work place with managers and supervisors put in their places by bribery and nepotism.

It is not unlike the management situation in dictatorships. Workers can be motivated by fear and intimidation. Supervisors are in place to keep the workers in order and sack any worker who does not do as expected.

There is no criticism for fear of dismissal. Workers know that their supervisor is the cousin of the manager who will report any action of workers. Tasks are not delegated but thrust on workers with threat of dismissal if not done.

The New Supervisor
Chapman. Elwood N
Library of Congress 91-77082
ISBN 1-6052 -120-1

Wednesday 25 March 2015

BEWARE OF FAKE MEDICINES FOR TUBERCULOSIS

The National 25 March 2015 Editorial P.42

People do not have to die because of TB. It is up to each and every one of us to work together to overcome TB.  It is preventable and this comes down to cleanliness and hygiene for everyone.

This involves covering your mouth when you cough and always wash your hands. TB can be easily spread by people who spit betel nut. Prime Minister O’Neill urged people to help their relatives to make sure that they take their full dose of TB medicine.

There is concern about people opting for alternative remedies. The scientific mind encourages the use of that which has been scientifically proven and tested to work on ailments with the least side effects.

People have been told to be wary of untested alternative remedies, however effective these may be. There is a rise in illegal pharmaceutical activities carried on by both illegal and legal registered companies.

These criminal activities include wrong labelling and counterfeit and sub-standard medicines. The easy access to drugs openly sold in shops or streets is easier than spending hours in long queues at public health facilities.

This calls for Government to strictly regulate the pharmaceutical industry and allow only reputable companies to supply the public health system and have these supplies regularly inspected.

Tuesday 24 March 2015

STUDENTS: STOP WRITING BABY TALK

A Handbook of Writing Skills

This book has been taken from our book of the same name. It has been
designed to address a serious problem in writing skills in Papua New 
Guinea Schools.

That is that students are unable to write complex sentences with use
of connectors and avoidance of repeated words. They write simple 
baby talk. 

Students should go through exercises on this report until thoroughly
familiar with every pattern. It will improve and polish their writing 
skill. 

Teachers and parents please give this report to young people in your 
care. It makes a difference. 

It may help readers in Russia, Indonesia, Australia, United States and 
many others. Some may not be used to polishing their second language 
English.

Graph of most popular countries among blog viewers

NORMAN SIKE INSTITUTE

 1.1.            I work in Lae. I live at Nadzab. I arrive at my workplace
at 8.00am

Working in Lae, I live at Nadzab and arrive at my workplace
at 8.00am

I work in Lae and live at Nadzab, arriving at my workplace
at 8.00am

1.2      He travelled across the country. He bought produce. He
sold produce in the towns.

He travelled across the country and bought produce to be sold
in the towns.

He travelled across the country buying produce to sell in the towns.

Travelling across the country, he bought produce to be sold in the
towns.

1.3      I studied at university. I wanted to become a doctor. I wanted
to help people.

I studied at university to become a doctor and help people.

1.4      I had come to town. I had walked for many hours. I was very
tired.

I had come to town having walked for many hours and was
very tired.

1.5 He had walked for many miles. He sat by the old tree. He waited
for the bus to come.

Having walked for many miles, he sat by the old tree, waiting
for the bus to come.

He had walked for many miles and sat by the old tree, waiting
for the bus to come.

1.6      He opened the door. He went inside. He put the package
on the table.

He opened the door, went inside and put the box on the table.

Opening the door, he went inside and put the box on the table.

1.7.   The old man sat by the river. He had sat by the river for many
years. He waited patiently for the fish to come.

The old man sat by the river as he had done for many years, waiting
for the fish to come.

Sitting by the river as he had done for many years, the old man
waited for the fish to come.

1.8     I work as a cleaner. I put out the rubbish. I sweep the factory
floor.

I work as a cleaner, putting out rubbish and sweeping the
factory floor.

Working as a cleaner, I put out rubbish and sweep the factory
floor.

1.9     She arrived at the house. She opened the door. She went
inside.

She arrived at the house, opened the door and went inside.

Arriving at the house, she opened the door and went inside.

1.10   He opened his eyes. He smiled at his family. He died.

 He opened his eyes, smiled at his family and died.

Opening his eyes, he smiled at his family and died.

1.11     He held the rope . He told his friend not to be afraid. He said
that help was coming.

He held the rope and told his friend not to be afraid as
help was coming

Holding the rope, he told his friend not to be afraid and
that help was coming

1.12    He looked out the window. He saw a ship. It was on
the horizon

He looked out the window and saw a ship on the horizon

Looking out the window, he saw a ship on the horizon.

1.13    She opened her eyes. She smiled. She asked for a glass
of water.

She opened her eyes, smiled and asked for a glass of water.

Opening her eyes, she smiled and asked for a glass of water.

2.1   Birds come back to their nesting sites. They find their
mates. They produce their young.

Birds come back to their nesting site to find their mates
and produce their young.

Coming back to their nesting sites, birds find their mates.
and produce their young.

2.2    He was a great king. He gave land to the poor. He built
water canals. He brought farming to the desert.

He was a great king who gave land to the poor, built water
canals and brought farming to the desert.

He was a great king with land given to the poor, water canals
built and farming brought to the desert.

2.3   I graduated from Grade 10. I had credits in English and
Social Science. I had upper passes in mathematics.

I graduated from Grade 10 with credits in English and Social
Science with upper passes in Mathematics.

Graduating from Grade 10 he had credits in English and Social
Science with upper passes in Mathematics.

2.4       He had nowhere to sleep. He looked for a dry place. It
had to be secure from intruders.

He had nowhere to sleep and looked for a dry place secure from
intruders.

With nowhere to sleep, he looked for a dry place that had
to be secure from intruders.

2.5       She hoped to be chosen as a candidate. She prepared a
detailed resume. It included referees. It included a summary
of part-time work.

She hoped to be chosen as a candidate and prepared a detailed
resume that included referees and a summary of part-time work.

Hoping to be chosen as a candidate, she prepared a detailed
resume that included referees and a summary of part-time work.

2.6       He did not know what to do. He sent a message to his
friend. He sought his advice.

He did not know what to do and sent a message to his friend
seeking his advice.

Not knowing what to do, he sent a message to his friend to seek
his advice.

2.7   He was a man. People would come to him. They would seek
his advice.

He was a man to whom people would come to seek his advice.

2.8   It was a tree. People would sit under the tree. They would
eat their lunch.

It was a tree under which people would sit to eat their lunch.

2.9  There was a large river. People built bridges across the river.
They would take their produce to market.

There was a large river across which people built bridges to
take their produce to market.

2.10  There was a beautiful lake. The settlers built a town around
the lake. They lived there for many centuries.

There was a beautiful lake around which the settlers built a town
and lived there for many centuries.

2.11    He bought a beautiful horse. He had paid much money for
the horse.

He bought a beautiful horse for which he had paid much money.

2.12   There was a hotel in the valley. It had a large roof. Across the
top was the word “Hotel”.

There was a hotel in the valley with a large roof, across the top of
which was the word “Hotel”.

2.13    The old man was his employer. He had worked for him for
many years.

The old man was his employer for whom he had worked for many
years.

2.14    The problem has not been solved. Power failures still
occur. There are breakdowns in power stations. Power lines
have been damaged in the floods.

The problem has not been solved with electricity failures
still occurring, breakdowns in power stations and power
lines damaged in the floods.

2.15   The Bolivian Government failed. Extensive poverty existed
in rural areas. Violence raged in rural areas. Corruption caused
services to cease.

The Bolivian Government failed with extensive poverty existing,
violence raging  in rural areas and corruption causing services to
cease.

2.16   The weather news for the weekend is not happy. High winds
will bring rough seas. Heavy rain will cause even greater flooding.

The weather news for the weekend is not happy with high winds
bringing rough seas and heavy rain causing even greater flooding.

2.17   Arrival of the Queen has brought great joy. The people crowded
the streets. Children danced in the show grounds. Flags fluttered from
buildings.

Arrival of the Queen has brought great joy with people crowding
the streets, children dancing in the show grounds and flags
fluttering from buildings

3.1    He was sick. He was tired. He was hungry.
He was sick, tired and hungry.

3.2       I saw Paul. I saw John. I saw Peter.
I saw Paul, John and Peter.

3.3      It was red. It was yellow. It was green.
It was red, yellow and green.

3.4       He was my brother. He was my friend.
He was my brother and friend.

3.5       He looked out the window. He saw a ship. It was
on the horizon.

He looked out the window and saw a ship on the horizon.
Looking out the window, he saw a ship on the horizon.

3.6       He was an old man. He had a walking stick. He had a
long white beard.

He was an old man with a walking stick and long white
beard.

3.7       He had no fear. He rushed into a building. He had to
save a child.

He had no fear and rushed into the building to save a child.
With no fear, he rushed into a building to save a child.

3.8      It was a lovely day. The sun was shining. The birds
were singing.

It was a lovely day with the sun shining and birds singing.

3.9      It was a happy reunion. Families gathered together.
Children were laughing.

 It was a happy reunion with families gathering together
and children laughing.

3.10   She was a beautiful woman. She had long hair. She had
 a sweet smile.

 She was a beautiful woman with long hair and a sweet smile.

3.11    She saw the baby. It was hungry. It was crying.

She saw the baby, hungry and crying.

3.12   They were expelled. They were told they could
not return.

They were expelled and told not to return.
Expelled, they were told not to return.

3.13     He reached forward. He took hold of the rope. He
pulled it. This would make the boat steady.

He reached forward, took hold of the rope and pulled it to make
the boat steady.

Reaching forward, he took hold of the rope and pulled it to make the
boat steady.

3.14     The girl saw the accident. She cried. She tried to rescue
the child. He was trapped in the car.

The girl saw the accident, cried and tried to rescue the child
trapped in the car.

Seeing the accident, the girl cried and tried to rescue the
child trapped in the car.

3.15    He did not know what to do. He called the police. He reported
the  accident.

He did not know what to do and called the police to report  the accident.

Not knowing what to do, he called the police to report  the  accident.

3.16     He gave no word. He left the house. He placed a letter on the table.

He gave no word but left the house having placed a letter on the table.
Giving no word, he left the house having placed a letter on the table.

4.1      I saw Peter. I saw Paul. I saw Mary.

I saw Peter, Paul and Mary.

4.2     I bought an apple. I bought an orange. I bought a banana.
 I bought an apple,  orange and banana.

4.3      I opened the door. I went inside. I put a letter on the table.

I opened the door, went inside and put a letter on the table.
Opening the door, I went inside and put a letter on the table.

4.4       I spoke to my father. I told him news. It was about the death
of our friend.

 I spoke to my father and told him news about the death of our friend.

Speaking to my father, I told him news about the death of our friend.

4.5      He lowered his head. He cried. He put his face in his hands.

He lowered his head, cried and put his face in his hands.

Lowering his head, he cried and put his face in his hands.

4.6     She opened her eyes. She smiled. She went back to sleep.

She opened her eyes, smiled and went back to sleep.

Opening her eyes, she smiled and went back to sleep.

4.7.    He was a cleaner. He swept the floor. He emptied the rubbish.

He was a cleaner who swept the floor and emptied the rubbish.
As a cleaner, he swept the floor and emptied the rubbish.

4.8      She lived in Lae.  She worked at Nadzab.  She travelled by
company bus.

She lived in Lae and worked at Nadzab, travelling by company
bus.

Living in Lae, she worked at Nadzab, travelling by company bus.

4.9      He was a good leader. He gave land to the poor. He stopped
corruption.

He was a good leader who gave land to the poor and stopped
corruption.

A good leader, he gave land to the poor and stopped corruption

4.10      He was a strong man. He was healthy. He was able to
withstand pain.

He was a strong man, healthy and able to withstand pain.
A strong man, he was healthy and able to withstand pain.

4.11     He had been a strong boy in his youth. He could still climb
mountains and carry cargo.

He had been a strong boy in his youth who could climb
mountains and carry cargo.

A strong boy in his youth, he could climb mountains and carry
cargo.

4.12     He had no money. He went to the bank. He wanted to ask
for a loan.

He had no money and went to the bank to ask for a loan.

Having no money, he went to the bank to ask for a loan.

4.13     He was tired. He sat at the roadside. He waited for the
bus to come.

He was tired and sat at the roadside, waiting for the bus to come.

Being tired, he  sat  at the roadside, waiting for the bus to come.

RUMPLESKILSKIN

13.1   Once upon a time in a far away land there was a shoe maker.
He lived in a shop in a village in a forest. He lived with his wife
and beautiful daughter Anna.

Once upon a time in a far away land there was a shoe maker
who lived in a shop in a village in a forest with his wife and
beautiful daughter Anna.

13.2   Every day he would sit outside his shop. He would tell stories
with his friends. He would boast of great deeds he had done.

Every day he would sit outside his shop and tell stories with
his friends boasting of great deeds he had done.

13.3   He would tell of how he killed a giant. The giant would come
to attack the village He would carry away the maidens.

He would tell of how he killed a giant who would come
to attack the village and carry away the maidens.

13.4   He cut down a large tree. The tree fell on the giants head.
It killed him instantly. It crushed his great body into the dirt.

He cut down a large tree that fell on the giants head,
killing him instantly and crushing his great body into
the dirt.

13.5   One day he was boasting to his friends .
He told them of how he changed straw into gold.
It filled his house. It made him a rich man.

One day he was boasting to his friends  of how he changed
straw into gold that filled his house and made him a rich man.

13.6   On that day a troop of the king’s soldiers came to the village.
They heard him.  He was talking about changing straw into gold.

On that day a troop of the king’s soldiers came to the village
and heard him talking about changing straw into gold.

13.7   On their return to the palace they told the king of a man
He changed straw into gold. He lived in the forest with his family.

On their return to the palace they told the king of a man who
changed straw into gold and lived in the forest with his family.

13.8   The king told them to bring the man to him.
They were to fill a room with straw.
This was for him to do the magic deed.

The king told them to bring the man to him and fill a
room with straw for him to do the magic deed.

13.9   The shoemaker was afraid to stand before the king.
He was afraid to tell the truth.  He said he could do it.

The shoemaker was afraid to stand before the king and
tell the truth so he said he could do it.

13.10   The king told him that he must not fail.
His daughter would be taken from him.
She would be put to work in the kitchen of the palace.

The king told him that he must not fail as his daughter
would be taken from him and put to work in the kitchen of
the palace.

13.11   The shoemaker sat in the room.
He cried. He was afraid to lose his daughter.

The shoemaker sat in the room and cried, afraid to
lose his daughter.

13.12   But a little man appeared.
He told the shoemaker not to worry.
He could change straw into gold.

13.12   But a little man appeared and told the shoemaker
not to worry as he could change straw into gold.

13.13   In the morning the doors opened.
The king stood in amazement.
He saw the piles of gold.

In the morning the doors opened and the king stood
in amazement to see the piles of gold.

13.14   He put him  in a bigger room.
Once again the little man appeared.
He turned the straw into gold.

He put him in a bigger room and once again the little
man appeared and turned the straw into gold.


MY LIFE AS A TEACHER

14.1   I am a teacher at Salamaua High School.
I have been here for 15 years.
I have lived with my husband.
I looked after our three children.

I am a teacher at Salamaua High School and been
here for 15 years living with my husband and looking
after our three children.

14.2   I am from Nasigelatu village. It is in the Finschhafen area.
I attended Dregerhafen High School. I graduated in grade 10.

I am from Nasigelatu village in the Finschhafen area and
attended Dregerhafen High School, graduating in grade 10.

14.3   My parents sent me to Bugandi High School. Here I stayed
and completed grade 12. I gained distinctions in English and
Social Science.I had credits in Maths and Science.

My parents sent me to Bugandi High School where I stayed and
completed grade 12, gaining distinctions in English and Social
Science with credits in Maths and Science.

14.4   My parents were very happy. I gained a place at Goroka
Teachers’ College. Here I studied. I met the man I would
marry.

My parents were very happy that I gained a place at Goroka
Teachers’ College where I studied and met the man I would
marry.

14.5   My husband-to-be looked after me. He helped me with my
study. He made sure that I was happy. He even accompanied
me when I went into town.

My husband-to-be looked after me, helping me with my study
and making sure that I was happy, even accompanying me when
I went into town.

14.6   He was studying to be a physical education teacher.
He was one year ahead of me. This meant that he would
graduate before I did.

He was studying to be a physical education teacher and
one year ahead of me which meant that he would graduate
before I did.

14.7   In my last year I was alone. I stayed quietly and studied.
I knew that my man was living in Salamaua. He was a teacher
at the high school.

In my last year I was alone, staying quietly and studying, knowing
that my man was living in Salamaua as  a teacher at the high school.

14.8   There were no mobile phones in those days. This meant that
I had to wait until he went to Lae. He would do his shopping. He
would call me on the public phone.

There were no mobile phones in those days which meant that I
had to wait until he went to Lae to do his shopping and would call
me on the public phone.

14.9   The big day came. I graduated with a Diploma in Education.
I was soon posted to Salamaua High School. I had requested this.

The big day came and I graduated with a Diploma in Education,
soon posted to Salamaua High School as requested.

14.10  My husband and I were married within a month.
We settled into a school house.We started our life together.
We worked in the same school.

My husband and I were married within a month and settled
into a school house to start our life together working in the same
school.

14.11   Within a year, we had a son. We called him John. He was the
light of our lives. He soon attended the local primary school.

Within a year, we had a son we called John who was the light
of our lives and soon attended the local primary school.

14.12   Now we have three children. Each is a very special child.
We are most proud of them.

Now we have three children, each a very special child
of whom we are proud.


This section sets out larger exercises that give students practice in writing
Small elegant stories using complex sentences rather than baby talk.

Most of these stories have been taken from the Young Life supplement of
The National newspaper.


MASTERY ESSAY WRITING

My family

My name is John. I live in a village. It is a small village. It is a village near the river. It is the Sepik River. I live with my mother and my father. My mother works in the gardens. My father works in Wewak. I have two brothers and two sisters. My brothers and sisters go to school. It is a small school. It is near the village. I go to school too.

My name is John. I live in a small village with my family near the Sepik River. My mother works in the gardens while my father is employed in Wewak. I go to a small school near he village with my brothers and sisters.

My one week holiday

During my holiday, I spent at Kikut in East New Britain. I was very happy to take part in my religious activity. It was children’s day. I perform to read in front of many church members. There were many children.

I spent my holiday at Kikut in East New Britain and took part in a religious activity on children’s day, reading in front of many church members with their children.

Hunting a big bird

Last Friday afternoon two of my friend and I went hunting for birds.
We hunt and hunt but we did not kill any bird.
Suddenly one of my friends saw a big brown bird
And started to shout “A bird, A big bird”.
We took out our catapult and chased the bird.
I took a stone and put it in my catapult and shot it on its eye
And it fell down and died.
We took it home and cooked it nicely and ate it.

Last Friday afternoon, I went hunting for birds with two friends. We saw none until a big brown bird appeared. After chasing the bird, I shot it in the eye with a stone from my catapult. We took it home, cooked it nicely and ate it.

We played soccer on Ela Beach.

During my holidays, I went down to the beach with my friend.
Both of us were playing soccer on the beach.
We were joined by four other boys and we playing on the beach.
After playing, we went down to the sea
and swam in the sea until we were so hungry.
We went home at 5 pm.
That is my story.

During the holidays, I went to the beach with my friend and played soccer with four other boys. We swam until hungry and went home at 5pm.

We did not think the river Tuman was flooded.

It was Saturday afternoon. The sun was very hot.
I and two of my best friends decided to go to the river called Kuman.
We did not think that it rained and the river was flooding.
We dived into the deep part of the river
While two of my best friends were diving.
I was in the middle of the river.
I thought that this was the end of my life.
The two of my best friends were busy diving in the river.
But one of my brothers his name was Anderson,
he saw me sink in the river.
So he came and got me out from the river.
I was happy with my big brother
and said thank you to him.
Because otherwise I will die in the river.

It was Saturday afternoon and the sun was very hot.
I went to the Kuman River with two of my best friends
We did not think that it rained and the river was flooding so
we dived into the deep part.

I was in the middle of the river and thought that this was the
end of my life. The friends were busy diving and did not see me.
My brother Anderson rescued me. I thanked him for saving me
from drowning in the river.


Our drama

On Monday, our teacher told us to make a drama
and present it on Friday.
Lloyd, Joshua, Lincon, Pindon and me
we decided to be in a group.
We wrote all our names and give it to our teacher.
Our teacher said OK and we went out to practise our drama.
Every day after lesson, our teacher sent us out to practise.
On Thursday, we went inside the classroom and
decide what we will bring tomorrow.
Next day, we all came to school and our teacher told us
that we will do our presentation after lunch.
After lunch we went at the back of the class and dress up.
We went inside the classroom.
Our teacher said if your group was ready
you can do your presentation.
We went up the front of the class and Joshua introduced us.
Then we presented our drama.

On Monday, our teacher told us to make a drama
and present it on Friday. I was in a group with
Lloyd, Joshua, Lincon and Pindon.

We wrote our names to give to our teacher who allowed
us to go out and practise our drama. At the end of every day,
we were sent out to rehearse.

On Thursday, we went met and decided what we would
bring tomorrow. Next day, our teacher told us to do our
presentation after lunch.

The time came and we went to the back of the class to dress
up. We began our presentation at the front of the class after
Joshua introduced us.

Reading the Bible

One day, our teacher said OK students take out your Bible and we took
out our Bible and he said find Psalm 1; 1-6. And I did not know how to
find it. I was scared and my friends were confident but I did not give up.
And I said please lord help me to find it and it came true and I read it
loud and clear to my supervisor and he said well done son. You just
passed the test.


One day, our teacher told the students to take out our Bible and turn to
Psalm 1; 1-6.  I did not know how to find it and was scared but did not give
up. I asked the Lord help me to find the page and it came true. I read it
loud and clear to my supervisor who told me it was well done. I had just
passed the test.


My brother went hunting

My brother went hunting in the forest. He saw a pig. The pig was walking on the ground. The pig was eating the worms. He shot the pig and killed it. He went back to the house and told father and mother that he had killed a pig in the forest. Father and mother were very happy.,

My brother went hunting in the forest and saw a pig walking and eating worms. He shot and killed it. Going back to the house, he told father and mother what he had done. They were very happy.

My job in Wewak.

I had finished grade 10. I decided to apply for a job at Big Rooster Chicken. I addressed the letter of application to the Manager. He was at the headquarters in Badili. I set out my school results. I told of my time at high school. I was a prefect, player in the football team and member of the Student Representative Council. I was successful. I was employed at the store at Gerehu.

Having finished grade 10, I decided to apply for a job at Big Rooster Chicken,  addressing the letter of application to the Manager at the headquarters in Badili. I set out my school results and told of my time at high school as a prefect, player in the football team and member of the Student Representative Council. I was successful and employed at the store at Gerehu.

Promotion in my job

I had worked in my job for 4 years. I became chief sales clerk. My job was to check the invoices each day. I had to prepare a statement of incoming sales. The supervisor then retired. He left a position for promotion. I was surprised. I was offered the job. I was given a rise in pay. I was appointed to look after the stores accounts.

Having worked in my job for 4 years, I became chief sales clerk whose job was to check the invoices each day and prepare a statement of incoming sales. The supervisor then retired, leaving a position for promotion. To my surprise, I was offered the job, given a rise in pay and appointed to look after the stores accounts.

I worked in this job for 6 years. I was transferred to the store in Lae. Here I stayed for two more years. Then I resigned. I returned to my village. I took up farming on my land. My father left this land to me. It was very hard work. My father had been sick. He did not develop the farm. He allowed squatters to move in. They took over. They spoiled the farm.

After working in this job for 6 years, I was transferred to the store in Lae and stayed for two more years before resigning and returning to my village to take up farming on the land that my father had left to me. It was very hard work as my father had been sick and did not develop the farm but allowed squatters to move in. They took over and spoiled the farm.

My son studied at the local high school. He graduated in grade 10. He had distinctions in mathematics and science. He wanted to study at the University of Papua New Guinea. He wanted to become an engineer. I was able to pay his fees to National High School. I had worked on the farm. I raised chickens and pigs. These were sold at the markets in town. My son completed grade 12. He found a place at the university. He is studying now.

My son studied at the local high school, graduating in grade 10 with distinctions in mathematics and science. He wanted to study at the University of Papua New Guinea to become an engineer.

I was able to pay his fees to National High School, having worked on the farm, raising chickens and pigs that were sold at the markets in town. My son completed grade 12 and found a place at the university where he is studying now.


ADVANCED MASTERY WRITING

Mobile phones should be banned at school.

In the last decade, the use of mobile phones has increased rapidly across the world.  Billions of phones and phone calls are made hourly. This has made life easy for us all. It has provided problems for people. The mobile phone has been misused.

In the last decade, the use of mobile phones has increased rapidly across the world with billions of phones and phone calls made hourly. This has made life easy for us all but provided problems for people through misuse of the mobile phone.

People have caused problems with calls at wrong times. Phones have rung in church, civil court and in schools. Passengers on aircraft are banned from having their phones turned on during flight times. There is the danger of interference of phones to the electronic systems of the aircraft.

People have caused problems with calls at wrong times and phones rung in church, civil court and in schools. Passengers on aircraft are banned from having their phones turned on during flight times with the danger of interference of phones to the electronic systems of the aircraft.

Many young people have phones of their own. These have been bought often by parents to keep contact, particularly on the way to and from school. There are dangers for boys and girls. Criminals who may want to steal the phone and money. They may want to take the young person away. They may stage a hold up on the road or in a bus.

Many young people have phones of their own, bought often by parents to keep contact, particularly on the way to and from school. There are dangers for boys and girls with criminals who may want to steal the phone and money or take the young person away by staging a hold up on the road or in a bus.

Should the age of consent be lowered?

At present in Papua New Guinea, the age of consent is 18 years. That means that a young person is a child until that time and cannot give consent to sex. The ages of consent across the world have varied from nation to nation and from time to time.

At present in Papua New Guinea, the age of consent is 18 years which means that a young person is a child until that time and cannot give consent to sex. The ages of consent across the world have varied from nation to nation and from time to time.

Before the last century, the age of consent stood at very young ages. Girls were able to give consent at 13 years old. But this has changed. There is now pressure of women’s groups. They have argued that a young girl has much to do in her teenage years apart from having babies.

Before the last century, the age of consent stood at very young ages with girls able to give consent at 13 years old. But this has changed with pressure of women’s groups who have argued that a young girl has much to do in her teenage years apart from having babies.

She needs to go to school. She needs to receive an education. It may take her as high as she wants. She should be able to seek employment in a variety of occupations and professions.

She needs to go to school and receive an education that takes her as high as she wants. She should be able to seek employment in a variety of occupations and professions.

The Moslem world sees the young girl as having a place only in the home. She is not to go to school. She is not to seek employment. She needs permission of her father and brothers. Girls are being punished by Islamist rebels in northern Nigeria. Some girls have recently been kidnapped from school.

The Moslem world sees the young girl as having a place only in the home. She is not to go to school nor seek employment without permission of her father and brothers. Girls are being punished by Islamist rebels in northern Nigeria with some recently kidnapped from school.

But the Christian world sees the rights of young girls differently. She has the right to follow her own life. This brings its own problems even in Papua New Guinea. Young girls go out to discos and drink beer and homebrew. They seek men by mobile phones.

But the Christian world sees the rights of young girls differently with the right to follow her own life. This brings its own problems even in Papua New Guinea with young girls going out to discos, drinking beer and homebrew and seeking men by mobile phones.

Hand in hand with the age of consent is the legal concept of informed consent. A small child cannot give informed consent on sex. This person has no idea of what sex is. But a young teenager has seen much. The teenager is able to give informed consent.

Hand in hand with the age of consent is the legal concept of informed consent. A small child cannot give informed consent on sex having no idea of what sex is. But a young teenager has seen much to be able to give informed consent.

There are men’s groups who seek sex with young girls and boys. They search for them in internet chat rooms. They argue that a modern child has informed consent. They learned about sex at school.

There are men’s groups who seek sex with young girls and boys and search for them in internet chat rooms. They argue that a modern child has informed consent, having learned about sex at school.

But the fact remains that sexual practice is dangerous. There is the pandemic of HIV/AIDS. It is ever present in the world. Children need the maturity to make their own decisions. They should not be pushed into sex by older persons. The age of consent should not be lowered below 18 years.

But the fact remains that sexual practice is dangerous with the pandemic of HIV/AIDS ever present in the world. Children need the maturity to make their own decisions and not be pushed into sex by older persons. The age of consent should not be lowered below 18 years.

In some countries there are legislations known as the Romeo and Juliet laws. A young child under the age of consent cannot be taken to Court for sex. They may have had sex with another child equally under the age of consent.

In some countries there are laws known as the Romeo and Juliet laws under which a young child under the age of consent cannot be taken to Court for sex with another child equally under the age of consent.

Australia’s Heritage The Making of a Nation Part 69

Headlines across the world proclaimed Britain’s declaration of war. It occurred when German troops crossed the border into Belgium. It followed the German ultimatum.  German troops were to be allowed to pass through that country to France.

Headlines across the world proclaimed Britain’s declaration of war that occurred when German troops crossed the border into Belgium, following  the German ultimatum that their troops be allowed to pass through that country to France.

Australia heard the news. The Australian Government gave support. Australia offered troops to Britain. In 1914, the Irish News competed with Australian politics. There was a Federal election campaign being conducted.

On hearing  the news, the Australian Government gave support and  offered  troops to Britain. In 1914, the Irish News competed with Australian politics while a Federal election campaign was being conducted.

Austria- Hungary was in a state of decline. It tried to exert its power over Germany. Germany was united as a nation only 40 years before. In 1914, a Serbian named Princip chose to prove his patriotism. He shot and killed Franz Ferdinand. He was heir to the Austria-Hungary throne. He and his wife were being driven in state through the streets of Sarajevo.

In a state of decline, Austria Hungary tried to exert its power over Germany united as a nation only 40 years before. In 1914, a Serbian named Princip chose to prove his patriotism by shooting and killing Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne as he and his wife were being driven in state through the streets of Sarajevo.

Serbia and Austria-Hungary were championed by Russia and Germany. Russia was allied to France. In turn, France had an understanding with Britain. The wheels of war had begun to turn.  The wheels gathered momentum, It made the advance to war more difficult to stop.

Serbia and Austria-Hungary were championed by Russia and Germany with Russia allied to France which in turn, had an understanding with Britain. The wheels of war had begun to turn and gather momentum, making the advance to war more difficult to stop.

The German Kaiser ordered his generals to turn their eastern army around. It  would not be sent further against the Russians. It showed his unrealistic grasp of events. The German army began marching into Belgium. The neutrality of Belgium had been guaranteed by Germany, France and Britain.

The German Kaiser ordered his generals to turn their eastern army around and not be sent further against the Russian which showed his unrealistic grasp of events. The German army began marching into Belgium, the neutrality of which had been guaranteed by Germany, France and Britain.

There was some hesitation. The British Government called on Germany. It wanted Germany to respect Belgium’s neutrality. It wanted the German  fleet out of the English channel. No answer was received from Berlin. Britain declared war on 1 August 1914.

There was some hesitation but the British Government called on Germany to respect Belgium’s neutrality and keep the  German fleet out of the English channel. With no answer received from Berlin, Britain declared war on 1 August 1914.

The British Foreign Secretary observed the lamps of London being doused. He said that the lights of Europe were going out. These would never be relit. The Royal Australian Navy was ordered to stand by. Precautionary measures were adopted. Officers were alerted to impose complete censorship.

The British Foreign Secretary observed the lamps of London being doused and said that the lights of Europe were going out, never to  be relit. The Royal Australian Navy was ordered to stand by with precautionary measures adopted and officers alerted to impose complete censorship.





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