This sequence of mastery exercises has been prepared to demonstrate
Mastery Learning to the Papua New Guinea Department of Education.
So much nonsense has been written about this strategy that it is time to
demonstrate beyond all doubt. The inventor of Mastery Learning intended breaking
skills down to basics from the higher level skills.
The idea was for the teacher to take a concept such
as heat / friction and set down an inventory of every possible application. Then
the students and teacher would solve the problems.
The teacher knew the related theory having used the
theory to identify the practical applications. But the students are not advised
yet. They work out the related theory having solved the problems.
But some fool teachers in the United States
removed the basics and increased research. They called it Outcome Based
Education and blamed the founder Dr Benjamin Bloom for its failure.
Mastery Learning was intended to pass the
slower students and lift high the more capable students. It was a response to
the US Government paranoia on the Russians sending up the satellite Sputnik.
The sequence in Friction below consists of 70 small mastery exercises
appropriate for primary school students supported and guided by the teachers.
All have a common theme of friction. Solving one problem provides the
key to the next problem and so on.
This module in friction could be submitted to a
design team of science teachers who might be able to add dozens more exercises.
The sequences could be rearranged and added to from the class room.
Some problems may be easily solved by students. But they may not have thought
of the issue in that way.
Problems that are interesting could be given more focus by teacher and
students. They may not have thought of electricity generated by friction from blood passing
through the blood system. Then they learn that sharks can detect the electric
pulses from fish and swimmers.
They may not have thought that the world depends on friction. Without friction,
we could not walk, climb or run. Cars could not run. Pulleys could not work.
We start with the real situations and explain what is happening. Then we
work out the theory behind the scenarios. This is INDUCTIVE LEARNING. There
is no focus on theory as we see in classes today. We answer the problem and the
question WHY?
S
What
happens when we rub our hands together?
Explain
how villagers make fires with sticks.
Feel tires of a car that driven a long way. What
do you feel?
What
happens to moving cars if we pour oil on the road?
When
do most moving cars have accidents?
Do
drivers have to move slower or faster during pouring rain?
How
does friction cause danger to a racing car?
Why
do many cars have accidents on a bend in the road?
What
causes a vehicle to overturn and roll?
How
does a propeller make the boat go forward?
How
does a propeller make an aircraft go forward?
Why
can flies and lizards climb walls?
What
problem would a snake have in moving if no friction?
Explain
how friction is reduced in the skin of an aircraft?
Is
there high or low friction in a bird’s feathers?
Explain
the structure of a lizard’s feet.
How
do we light a match?
Is
it better to light a match on a match box or a window?
How
do we stop the hinges on doors from sticking and squeaking?
How
do we keep the engine of a car cool and running smoothly?
Why
do we have to change the oil in an engine?
Why
are there crackling noises when we comb our hair?
Do
we hear the noises on a hot dry day or a cool wet day?
Why
is there loud noise in thunder?
Why
does black dust gather on a ceiling fan?
What
are the best boots to wear on the Kokoda Track?
Why
are there grooves on the rubber sole?
How
do football boots increase friction?
How
can friction cause explosions in mines and factories?
What
happens to our hands when we slide quickly down a rope?
If
we wear shoes for many months, what happens to the soles?
What
causes electricity in our bodies?
Sharks
detect electricity in fish. What causes electricity in fish
and
other animals?
Draw
a shark and dolphin. How do they reduce friction?
How
do ship designers reduce friction?
How
do we know there is electricity in our bodies?
Why
do car tires lose their rubber?
Why
do some tires lose the rubber quickly?
What
is the best to slide on - rock? water? coral? or mud?
What
is friction?
What
occurs when there is friction?
Give
examples of friction causing heat?
How
do we reduce friction between pieces of steel rubbed together?
What
would happen in the world if there was no physical friction?
What
are the best tiles for the floor of a bathroom?
What
holds a nail in place on a piece of wood?
What
causes landslides in the highlands of Papua New Guinea?
How
does friction help us to climb a rope?
What
happens when an engine seizes?
How
does friction occur between people?
What
causes friction between people and animals?
What
happens to the temperature of the relationship when friction occurs?
How
do we remove friction between people?
What
are the polite ways of reducing friction between people?
What
is the highest level of friction between two groups of people?
Advanced problems in friction
Why
does an asteroid trail fire on entering the earth's atmosphere?
What
is the main problem facing space shuttles returning to earth?
What
is a friction rash?
How
do we treat a friction rash?
What
causes an aircraft to lift off on take-off?
How
does a violin player make sound?
These problems explore all possible aspects of
friction. This is an exercise in exploration of the practical scenarios.
Students learn general knowledge as well as
knowledge of friction. They learn to explain in their own words, written and
spoken.
Students could be interviewed one at a time at the
teacher's table on 5 problems. Most students in PNG schools never speak.
It is not just effort in mindlessly copying theory
into a student's work book as we see in PNG schools today.
By the end of 2015, this sequence in friction could have 80 more
exercises provided by class room teachers, students and design team teachers.
The Department would develop a memory bank of exercises.
Teachers
could be invited to submit their new exercises to the design team to be
included in the next edition. Teachers are becoming involved.
There is always revision. As students grow intellectually, they will see
all earlier problems in more complex ways and with more connections.
We already see in the exercises above the links
with static electricity, motion, physiology and personal relationships.
By end of grade 8, some students should be able to achieve 100% correct
of the (say) 1200 science and biology mastery exercises. One book said 60%
correct 60% of the time. Students can do better than that.