HISTORY OF LATIN
Taken from
Wikipedia on Google
Latin (
i/ˈlætɨn/; Latin: lingua
latīna, IPA: [ˈliŋɡwa
laˈtiːna]; the
noun lingua, "tongue" and "language", and the
adjective latinus, latina and latinum in its three
genders, "Latin") is an ancient Italic language[3] originally spoken by the Italic Latins in Latium and Ancient Rome. Along with most European
languages, it is a
descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language.
Influenced by the Etruscan language and using the Greek alphabet as a basis, it took form as what is recognizable as Latin in the Italian Peninsula. Modern Romance languages are continuations of dialectal forms (vulgar Latin) of the language. Additionally many students, scholars, and some members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and it is still taught in some primary, secondary and post-secondary educational institutions around the world.
Influenced by the Etruscan language and using the Greek alphabet as a basis, it took form as what is recognizable as Latin in the Italian Peninsula. Modern Romance languages are continuations of dialectal forms (vulgar Latin) of the language. Additionally many students, scholars, and some members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and it is still taught in some primary, secondary and post-secondary educational institutions around the world.
Latin is still used in the creation of new
words in
modern languages of many different families, including English, and largely in
biological taxonomy. Latin and its derivative
Romance languages are the only surviving languages of the Italic language family. Other languages of the Italic
branch were attested in the inscriptions of early Italy, but were assimilated
to Latin during the Roman
Republic.
The extensive use of elements from vernacular
speech by the earliest authors and inscriptions of the Roman Republic make it
clear that the original, unwritten language of the Roman Kingdom was an only partially deducible colloquial form, the predecessor to Vulgar Latin. By the arrival of the late
Roman Republic, a standard, literate form had arisen from the speech of the
educated, now referred to as Classical Latin. Vulgar Latin, by contrast, is
the name given to the more rapidly changing colloquial language, which was
spoken throughout the empire.
Because of the Roman conquests, Latin spread to many Mediterranean and some northern European
regions, and the dialects spoken in these areas, mixed to various degrees with
the indigenous
languages,
developed into the modern Romance tongues.[7] Classical Latin slowly changed
with the decline of the Roman Empire, as education and wealth became
ever scarcer.
The consequent Medieval Latin, influenced by various Germanic and proto-Romance languages until expurgated by Renaissance scholars, was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars.
The consequent Medieval Latin, influenced by various Germanic and proto-Romance languages until expurgated by Renaissance scholars, was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars.
Latin is a highly inflected language, with three distinct genders, seven noun cases, four verb conjugations, six tenses, three persons, three moods, two voices, two aspects, and two numbers. A dual number ("a pair of") is present in Old Latin. The rarest of the seven cases
is the locative, only marked in proper place
names and a few common nouns.
Otherwise, the locative function ("place where") has merged with the ablative. The vocative, a case of direct address, is marked by an ending only in words of the second declension. Otherwise, the vocative has merged with the nominative, except that the particle O typically precedes any vocative, marked or not.
Otherwise, the locative function ("place where") has merged with the ablative. The vocative, a case of direct address, is marked by an ending only in words of the second declension. Otherwise, the vocative has merged with the nominative, except that the particle O typically precedes any vocative, marked or not.
As a result of this case ambiguity, different
authors list different numbers of cases: 5, 6, or 7. Adjectives and adverbs are
compared, and the former are inflected according to case, gender, and number.
In view of the fact that adjectives are often used for nouns, the two are
termed substantives.
Although Classical Latin has demonstrative pronouns indicating different degrees of proximity ("this one here", "that one there"), it does not have articles. Later Romance language articles developed from the demonstrative pronouns, e.g. le and la (French) from ille and illa, and su and sa (Sardinian) from ipse and ipsa.
Although Classical Latin has demonstrative pronouns indicating different degrees of proximity ("this one here", "that one there"), it does not have articles. Later Romance language articles developed from the demonstrative pronouns, e.g. le and la (French) from ille and illa, and su and sa (Sardinian) from ipse and ipsa.
Latin influence in English has been significant at all
stages of its insular development. In the medieval period, much borrowing from
Latin occurred through ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the sixth century, or
indirectly after the Norman Conquest through the Anglo-Norman language. From the 16th to the 18th
centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from
Latin and Greek words.
These were dubbed "inkhorn terms", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten. Some useful ones, though, survived, such as 'imbibe' and 'extrapolate'. Many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin, through the medium of Old French.
These were dubbed "inkhorn terms", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten. Some useful ones, though, survived, such as 'imbibe' and 'extrapolate'. Many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin, through the medium of Old French.
Due to the influence of Roman governance and Roman technology on the less developed nations
under Roman dominion, those nations adopted Latin phraseology in some
specialized areas, such as science, technology, medicine, and law. For example,
the
Linnaean system of plant
and animal classification was heavily influenced by Historia Naturalis, an encyclopedia of people,
places, plants, animals, and things published by Pliny the Elder.
Roman medicine, recorded in the works of such physicians as Galen, established that today's medical terminology would be primarily derived from Latin and Greek words, the Greek being filtered through the Latin. Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole. Latin law principles have survived partly in a long list of legal Latin terms.
Roman medicine, recorded in the works of such physicians as Galen, established that today's medical terminology would be primarily derived from Latin and Greek words, the Greek being filtered through the Latin. Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole. Latin law principles have survived partly in a long list of legal Latin terms.
Many international auxiliary languages have been heavily influenced by
Latin. Interlingua, which lays claim to a sizable
following, is sometimes considered a simplified, modern version of the
language. Latino
sine Flexione, popular
in the early 20th century, is Latin with its inflections stripped away, among
other grammatical changes.
An Introduction to a Brief History of the Latin Language
written by: John Garger • edited
by: Rebecca Scudder • updated: 4/23/2012
The Latin language has survived in one form or
another for over 2,000 years. It is both the cognate and parent of many modern
languages. Learn about the origin of Latin in this first article in a series of
eight.
The influence of the Roman Empire throughout the
world is undeniable. Art, poetry, music, and architecture have especially
benefited from the ingenuity of a civilization that at one time spanned from
Northern Africa to the waters of the British Isles. However, culture does not
spread without communication, that necessary link to human exchange of
knowledge called language. Like all languages,
Latin’s life stretches beyond pre-history, its origins forever lost. What we do know about Latin survives to use in a sporadic collection of writings that only hint at the language’s rich history.
Latin’s life stretches beyond pre-history, its origins forever lost. What we do know about Latin survives to use in a sporadic collection of writings that only hint at the language’s rich history.
Throughout the early part of the first millennium
B.C., the Italian peninsula was subject to a string of wars and conflicts where
multiple cultures battled for supremacy.
The ebb and tide of some factions’ strength made lasting impressions on the peninsula and influenced the beginnings of Roman history to the extent that Latin almost surely would have perished had certain powers not won out over their rivals.
The ebb and tide of some factions’ strength made lasting impressions on the peninsula and influenced the beginnings of Roman history to the extent that Latin almost surely would have perished had certain powers not won out over their rivals.
The Italic family of the centum branch of
Indo-European languages is where Latin finds a home, among a multitude of
languages and dialects. Some of the modern Romance languages that owe their
origin to Latin are French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian. English,
however, is often mistaken for a Romance language by beginning Latin students
because of the huge number of words in English with direct and indirect Latin
origins.
History of the Latin Language
Latin is the language that was originally spoken
in the region around Rome called Latium. It gained great importance as the
formal language of the Roman Empire. All Romance languages are descended from
Latin, and many words based on Latin are found in other modern languages such
as English. It is said that 80% of scholarly English words are derived from
Latin (in a large number of cases by way of French). Moreover, in the Western
world,
Latin was a lingua franca, the learned language for scientific and political affairs, for more than a thousand years, being eventually replaced by French in the 18th century and English in the late 19th. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the formal language of the Roman Catholic Church to this day, which makes it the official national language of the Vatican. The Church used Latin as its primary liturgical language until the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s. Latin is also still used (drawing heavily on Greek roots) to furnish the names used in the scientific classification of living things.
Latin was a lingua franca, the learned language for scientific and political affairs, for more than a thousand years, being eventually replaced by French in the 18th century and English in the late 19th. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the formal language of the Roman Catholic Church to this day, which makes it the official national language of the Vatican. The Church used Latin as its primary liturgical language until the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s. Latin is also still used (drawing heavily on Greek roots) to furnish the names used in the scientific classification of living things.
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Latin
evolved into the various Romance languages. These were for many centuries only
spoken languages, Latin being still used for writing. (For example, Latin was
the official language of Portugal until 1296 when it was replaced by
Portuguese.
The Romance languages evolved from Vulgar Latin,
the spoken language of common usage, which in turn evolved from an older speech
which also produced the formal classical standard. Latin and Romance differ
(for example) in that Romance had distinctive stress, whereas Latin had
distinctive length of vowels. In Italian and Sardo logudorese, there is
distinctive length of consonants and stress, in Spanish only distinctive
stress, and in French even stress is no longer distinctive.
Another major distinction between Romance and
Latin is that Romance languages, excluding Romanian, have lost their case
endings in most words except for some pronouns. Romanian still has five cases
(though the ablative case is no longer represented.
Latin and English
English grammar is independent of Latin grammar,
though prescriptive grammarians in English have been influenced by Latin.
Attempts to make English grammar follow Latin rules-such as the prohibition
against the split infinitive-have not worked successfully in regular usage.
However, as many as half the words in English were derived from Latin,
including many words of Greek origin first adopted by the Romans, not to
mention the thousands of French, Spanish, and Italian words of Latin origin
that have also enriched English.
During the 16th and on through the 18th century
English writers created huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek roots.
These words, dubbed “inkhorn” or “inkpot” words (as if they had spilled from a
pot of ink), were rich in flavour and meaning. Many of these words were used once
by the author and then forgotten, but some remain. Imbibe, extrapolate, and
inebriation are all inkhorn terms carved from Latin and Greek words.
Latin was once taught in most British schools.
However, after the introduction of the Modern Language GCSE, it was gradually
replaced by other languages, although it is now being taught by more schools
along with other classical languages.
What have we learned from the texts above?
Latin grew out of early European languages.
Romance languages grew out of the vulgar Latin.
Vulgar Latin was spoken through the Roman Empire.
Romance languages were from France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Romania.
Catholic clergy used Latin as the official language also taught in schools.
Latin spread throughout Europe, mixed with indigenous languages.
Latin grew in English from the sixth century.
It grew more with the Norman conquest.
Latin grew with words in science, technology, medicine and law.
Latin law principles survive partly in a long list of legal Latin terms.
The Latin language has survived in one form or another for over
2,000 years.
English is often mistaken for a Romance language
because of the huge number of words in English with direct and indirect Latin origins.
It is said that 80% of scholarly English words are derived from Latin
in a large number of cases by way of French.
Ecclesiastical Latin remains the formal language of the Roman Catholic
Church which makes it the official language of the Vatican.
Half the words in English came from Latin.
Many words of Greek origin first adopted by the Romans with thousands of
French, Spanish and Italian words of Latin origin that have enriched English.
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
A not
not political ( apolitical)
not sexual (asexual)
not typical ( atypical)
not symmetrical (asymmetrical)
not moral ( amoral)
Ante before
someone or something that goes before ( antecedent)
a room before we go in to see the doctor (
ante-room)
medical check before birth ( ante-natal)
before noon ( ante meridien)
before the flood ( ante diluvian)
before the American civil war ( antebellum)
Anti-against
gun against aircraft ( anti-aircraft gun)
against corruption (anti-corruption)
explosive against people (anti-personnel mines)
feeling against ( antipathy)
against Christ ( anti-Christ)
against poison ( antidote)
drug against depression ( anti depressant)
against a climax (anti-climax)
against corruption (anti-corruption)
explosive against people (anti-personnel mines)
feeling against ( antipathy)
against Christ ( anti-Christ)
against poison ( antidote)
drug against depression ( anti depressant)
against a climax (anti-climax)
E extra ex out of
send out (emit)
act of sending out ( emission)
door going out ( exit)
outside ( exterior, external)
push out violently ( explode)
push out as with toothpaste ( extrude)
drive out ( expel)
act of driving out ( expulsion)
give out praise ( extol)
out of normal ( exigency)
skin on outside ( exoderm)
outside the official role ( ex-officio)
moving out in large numbers ( exodus)
fill out in larger space ( expand)
give out ( expend)
to place out ( expose)
act of placing out ( exposure)
skeleton on outside ( exoskeleton)
carry out ( export)
press out ( express)
act of pressing out ( expression)
give out a strong view ( expound)
stretch out ( extend)
act of stretching out ( extension)
beauty outside of ordinary ( exquisite)
put out a flame ( extinguish)
put life out ( exterminate)
give excuses of situation ( extenuate)
draw out ( extract)
act of drawing out ( extraction)
outside of curriculum (extra curricular)
rejoice outside of normal ( exult)
act of rejoicing ( exultation)
act of sending out ( emission)
door going out ( exit)
outside ( exterior, external)
push out violently ( explode)
push out as with toothpaste ( extrude)
drive out ( expel)
act of driving out ( expulsion)
give out praise ( extol)
out of normal ( exigency)
skin on outside ( exoderm)
outside the official role ( ex-officio)
moving out in large numbers ( exodus)
fill out in larger space ( expand)
give out ( expend)
to place out ( expose)
act of placing out ( exposure)
skeleton on outside ( exoskeleton)
carry out ( export)
press out ( express)
act of pressing out ( expression)
give out a strong view ( expound)
stretch out ( extend)
act of stretching out ( extension)
beauty outside of ordinary ( exquisite)
put out a flame ( extinguish)
put life out ( exterminate)
give excuses of situation ( extenuate)
draw out ( extract)
act of drawing out ( extraction)
outside of curriculum (extra curricular)
rejoice outside of normal ( exult)
act of rejoicing ( exultation)
Sym syn together
feeling together (sympathy)
combine together (synthesize)
combining together ( synthesis)
combine together (synthetic)
combine together (synthesize)
combining together ( synthesis)
combine together (synthetic)
Homo the same or man
same sex preference (homosexual)
same throughout ( homogeneous)
same sound ( homophone)
same throughout ( homogeneous)
same sound ( homophone)
Il im in ir not
not possible (impossible)
not mobile ( immobile)
not practicable ( impracticable)
not sincere ( insincere)
not active ( inactive)
not tolerant ( intolerant)
not regular ( irregular)
not religious (irreligious)
not reverent ( irreverent)
not legal ( illegal)
not legible ( illegible)
not logical ( illogical)
not mobile ( immobile)
not practicable ( impracticable)
not sincere ( insincere)
not active ( inactive)
not tolerant ( intolerant)
not regular ( irregular)
not religious (irreligious)
not reverent ( irreverent)
not legal ( illegal)
not legible ( illegible)
not logical ( illogical)
Intro within
lead within ( introduce
act of leading within ( introduction)
look within (introspect)
turn within ( introvert)
act of leading within ( introduction)
look within (introspect)
turn within ( introvert)
Mal bad
bad air ( malaria, old belief)
badly formed ( malformed)
bad infection ( malignant)
badly contented (malcontent)
bad practice ( malpractice)
badly formed ( malformed)
bad infection ( malignant)
badly contented (malcontent)
bad practice ( malpractice)
Pre before
a doctors letter to the chemist (
prescription)
time before written history ( pre-history)
time before written history ( pre-history)
something that runs before ( precursor)
see before ( preview)
Re – back or again
turn back ( return)
speak back ( reply)
turn a car back ( reverse)
turning back ( reversal)
to explain again ( reiterate)
see again ( review)
speak back ( reply)
turn a car back ( reverse)
turning back ( reversal)
to explain again ( reiterate)
see again ( review)
Trans across
bear across ( transfer, translate)
act across ( transact)
see across ( transparent)
across the nation (trans-national)
across the continent ( trans-continental)
across the sexes ( transsexual).
act across ( transact)
see across ( transparent)
across the nation (trans-national)
across the continent ( trans-continental)
across the sexes ( transsexual).
De down
break down ( destroy)
break an enemy ( defeat)
lay down soldiers for battle ( deploy)
lay down a solution ( determine)
break the value down ( debase)
climb down ( descend)
break down ( deteriorate)
break an enemy ( defeat)
lay down soldiers for battle ( deploy)
lay down a solution ( determine)
break the value down ( debase)
climb down ( descend)
break down ( deteriorate)
Inter between
between nations ( international)
between continents ( inter-continental)
between continents ( inter-continental)
between races ( inter-racial)
between planets ( inter-planetary)
Per through
send through ( permit, permission)
spread through ( permeate)
spread through ( permeate)
Pro forward
throw forward (project)
lead forward ( produce)
pouring forward (profusion)
place forward (propose)
placing forward ( proposal)
for life (pro-life)
for democracy ( pro-democracy)
for execution ( pro-capital punishment)
SUFFIXES
ary ory place of
book of
words ( dictionary)
place of
experiment ( laboratory)
act in
preparation ( preparatory)
place of
books ( library)
place of
birds ( aviary)
place of
bees ( apiary)
place of
clergy ( seminary)
place of
food ( refectory)
place of
manufacture ( factory)
place for
the dead ( mortuary)
ate - to make
make new and fresh ( rejuvenate)
make new ( create)
make alive ( animate)
make a hole ( excavate)
give a reason to act ( motivate)
ify - to make
make great ( magnify)
make simple (simplify)
make intense ( intensify)
make a god ( deify)
ion the act of
act of injecting ( injection)
act of exploding ( explosion)
act of producing ( production)
act of describing ( description)
act of reducing ( reduction)
act of interpreting ( interpretation)
act of executing ( execution)
ist, er, or – one who, that which
who types ( typist)
who makes herbal medicine ( herbalist)
is active ( activist)
who kills ( killer)
who fights ( fighter)
who drives ( driver)
who works ( worker)
who acts ( actor)
who sails ( sailor)
ship that destroys ( destroyer)
ship that cruises ( cruiser)
aircraft that bombs ( bomber)
device to detect ( detector)
machine to generate ( generator)
machine to distribute ( distributor)
ion, ation
–the act of
of injecting ( injection)
of reacting ( reaction)
of acting ( action)
of rejecting ( rejection)
of starving ( starvation)
of translating ( translation)
Al - belonging
to
to a nation ( national)
to medicine ( medicinal)
to teeth ( dental)
to the monarch ( regal)
to the fundaments ( fundamental)
to the mind ( mental)
to rent ( rental)
to the flesh ( carnal)
to prison
(penal)
to the end ( final)
to a person ( personal)
to crime ( criminal)
LATIN ROOTS
In the years up to the 1960s, Australian students were educated in word
building through Latin and Greek roots. Then with the change in literacy policy
it was scrapped. Hence the slow dumbing down of education.
The English language developed over centuries through intermingling of Saxon, Celt, Latin and French. Most words are based on Latin that came to England through the Roman and French invasions. French words were based on Latin. So English had language impact from two Latin sources.
There are many Latin based words that students can learn through vocabulary extension. Even PNG through conquest by Australia and Britain has long distant links with the Roman Empire. As an English teacher in PNG, I had introduced students to words based on Latin.
The English language developed over centuries through intermingling of Saxon, Celt, Latin and French. Most words are based on Latin that came to England through the Roman and French invasions. French words were based on Latin. So English had language impact from two Latin sources.
There are many Latin based words that students can learn through vocabulary extension. Even PNG through conquest by Australia and Britain has long distant links with the Roman Empire. As an English teacher in PNG, I had introduced students to words based on Latin.
Ago (actus) I do
one who does (actor, agent)
doing (act)
do something in response (react)
not doing (inactive)
Alta deep high tall
measures
height in aircraft ( altimeter)
height
above sea level ( altitude)
deep
singing voice ( alto)
Annus a year
every year (annual)
every two years (biannual)
twice a year (biennial)
payment once a year (annuity)
pay after years of work (superannuation)
every year (annual)
every two years (biannual)
twice a year (biennial)
payment once a year (annuity)
pay after years of work (superannuation)
Anima breath
creature that breathes ( animal)
make appear living (animate)
Antigua old
old (ancient)
old furniture ( antique)
old times ( antiquity)
Aqua water
belonging to water (aquatic)
Roman water channel (aquaduct)
subterranean water canal (aquifer)
place to hold fish ( aquarium)
star sign ( aquarius)
Aquus equal
of the same value (equal)
same value ( equality)
same distance (equidistant)
Aster a star
person sent to space ( astronaut)
study of stars in the universe (astronomy)
study of a person’s future (astrology)
flower that looks like a star ( aster daisy)
space boy in cartoon ( astroboy)
star on paper ( asterisk)
Bona good
good faith (bona fides)
money for good work (bonus)
good participation (Bonaparte)
Caro flesh
of the flesh ( carnal)
eats flesh ( carnivore)
belonging to flesh eating (carnivorous)
display of human flesh (carnival)
Caput the head
the head person (captain)
headline in media (caption)
head city (capital)
cut off head (decapitate)
Caput the head
the head person (captain)
headline in media (caption)
head city (capital)
cut off head (decapitate)
Bring to a head again (recapitulate)
Cavus a hole
hole in ground ( cave)
large hole in the ground ( cavern)
hole in tooth (cavity)
to make a hole in the ground ( excavate)
act of making a hole (excavation)
Cedo (cessus) I go
go forward (proceed)
act of going forward (procession)
go back (recede)
act of going back (recession)
a way to go forward (procedure)
go forward (proceed)
act of going forward (procession)
go back (recede)
act of going back (recession)
a way to go forward (procedure)
Centum a hundred
a hundred years (centurion)
in charge of 100 men (centurion)
one hundred years (century)
100 years celebration (centenary)
hundredth of a dollar (cent)
a hundred years (centurion)
in charge of 100 men (centurion)
one hundred years (century)
100 years celebration (centenary)
hundredth of a dollar (cent)
Circum around
around a circle ( circumference)
around the world (circumnavigate)
around in a ring ( circle)
go around an issue ( circumspect)
cut around the skin of a penis (circumcise)
to avoid an issue ( circumvent)
Claudio ( clausus) I
shut
shut out
(exclude)
act
of shutting out ( exclusion)
shut in (
include)
act of
shutting in ( inclusion)
shut to
back of society (recluse)
shut
together ( conclude)
act of
shutting together ( conclusion)
closed
walk in a hospital 0r school ( cloister)
small
part of a sentence ( clause)
Copia plenty
horn of plenty ( cornucopia)
plenty (copious)
Cor the heart
full of heart (courage)
brave of heart (courageous)
of the heart (coronary)
Sacred Heart - French (Sacre Coeur)
Corpus the body
leads a body of soldiers (corporal)
dead body (corpse)
body of companies (corporation)
body of people (corps)
fat of body (corpulent)
body in the blood (corpuscle)
body of Christ (Corpus Christi)
full of heart (courage)
brave of heart (courageous)
of the heart (coronary)
Sacred Heart - French (Sacre Coeur)
Corpus the body
leads a body of soldiers (corporal)
dead body (corpse)
body of companies (corporation)
body of people (corps)
fat of body (corpulent)
body in the blood (corpuscle)
body of Christ (Corpus Christi)
Clarus clear
make clear ( clarify)
clear wine (claret)
clearness ( clarity)
clear statement ( declaration)
Crux a cross
a cross ( crucifix)
act of hanging on a cross ( crucifixion)
to hang on a cross (crucify)
of very great importance (crucial)
Decem ten
tenth month old calendar (December)
based on ten (decimal)
reduce by one tenth (decimate)
ten years ( decade)
Dens (dentis) a tooth
a specialist (dentist)
a false tooth (denture)
relating to teeth (dental)
meat of the tooth (dentine)
Duco (ductus) I lead
a leader (duke)
an Italian leader (Il Duce)
lead forward (produce)
act of leading forward (production)
a canal to lead fluid (duct)
a canal to lead the ova (oviduct)
a Roman stone canal (via-duct)
to lead down an idea (deduce)
Facio (factus) I make
a place that makes (factory)
to make by hand (manufacture)
make it happen (facilitate)
Fides faith
faithful dog (fido)
talk in faith (confide)
to have faith (confidence)
faithfulness in marriage (fidelity)
no faithfulness (infidelity)
having no faith (infidel)
Finis the end
to end (finish)
the end (final, finale)
without end ( infinite)
end of earth range in PNG (Finisterre)
end without end (infinity)
bring to an end (finalize)
Frango (fractus) I break
a piece (fragment)
breakable (fragile)
to break a rule (infringe)
a break in a bone (fracture)
a piece (fragment)
breakable (fragile)
to break a rule (infringe)
a break in a bone (fracture)
Fundo (fundus) I pour
a pouring of money (fund)
to pour back (refund)
a device for pouring (funnel)
pouring forth (profound)
a pouring of money (fund)
to pour back (refund)
a device for pouring (funnel)
pouring forth (profound)
Ge the earth
study of rocks ( geology)
study of earth (geography)
relating to heat of earth ( geothermal)
Jacio (jectus) I throw
throw forward (project)
act of throwing forward (projection)
throw back (reject)
act of throwing back (rejection)
throw between (interject)
throw out (eject, ejaculate)
throw in (inject)
act of throwing in (injection)
Habeo I have
way of doing things (habit)
place to live ( habitation)
LIber free
make free ( liberate)
act of making free (liberation)
African nation of freed slaves ( Liberia)
Freedom to act (liberal)
Magnus great
make great ( magnify)
great ( magnificent)
great business person (magnate)
greatness ( magnitude)
great men of Biblical times ( Magi)
Manus the hand
by hand (manual)
made by hand (manuscript)
to handle (manage)
that which handles matters (management)
old-fashioned handcuffs (manacles)
to attack with hands (man-handle)
by hand (manual)
made by hand (manuscript)
to handle (manage)
that which handles matters (management)
old-fashioned handcuffs (manacles)
to attack with hands (man-handle)
Mitto (Missis) I send
send to ( admit)
act of sending to (admission)
send back ( remit)
act of sending back ( remission)
send through ( permit)
act of sending through (permission)
send out ( emit)
act of sending out (emission)
Mort death
embarrass to death (mortify)
state of dead body (rigor mortis)
place to store bodies ( morgue, mortuary)
Moveo I move
able to
move ( mobile)
unable to
move ( immobile)
capacity
to move ( mobility)
move back
( remove)
Multa many
many
facets ( multi faceted)
many
grade oil ( multi-grade oil)
many
races ( multi-racial)
Nascor I am born
born in a
country ( native)
new
country born (nation)
birth of
Jesus ( nativity)
happy
christmas in Spain ( Felice navitat)
Novus new
something
new ( novel)
new person ( novice)
new person to the clergy (novitiate)
Pars (partus) a part
a small part (particle)
part of a sentence (participle)
part of a structure (compartment)
part of an organization (department)
take part (participate)
one who takes part (partisan)
Pars (partus) a part
a small part (particle)
part of a sentence (participle)
part of a structure (compartment)
part of an organization (department)
take part (participate)
one who takes part (partisan)
Parle I speak ( French
latin)
place where people speak ( parliament)
Parlez- vous Francaise ( French)
Pendeo (pendus) I hang down
on a woman's neck (pendant)
on a flag pole (pennant)
on a clock (pendulum)
on a man (penis)
hang down mood (pensive)
a hanging desire (penchant)
to hang on (depend)
a hanger on (dependant)
not hanging on (independent)
hanging on between (interdependent)
Parlez- vous Francaise ( French)
Pendeo (pendus) I hang down
on a woman's neck (pendant)
on a flag pole (pennant)
on a clock (pendulum)
on a man (penis)
hang down mood (pensive)
a hanging desire (penchant)
to hang on (depend)
a hanger on (dependant)
not hanging on (independent)
hanging on between (interdependent)
Pono (posis) I place
a place (
position)
place
down ( deposit, depose)
place
back to rest ( repose)
place
into ( impose)
place out
( expose)
place
across ( transpose)
place
together ( compose)
Post after later
after
midday (post meridian PM)
after
graduation (post graduate)
examination
after death (post mortem)
place
after ( postpone)
Primus first
the first
( primary)
first
people (primitive)
first
times on earth ( primeval)
action to make something work ( prime)
first
numbers ( prime numbers)
Regis a crown
belonging
to the crown (regal)
representing
the crown (vice-regal)
decoration
for royalty ( regalia)
record
for the crown ( register)
act of
recording ( registration)
Secto I cut
to cut
away ( dissect)
cut into
parts ( section)
creature
cut into 3 parts ( insect)
cut the
breast ( mastectomy)
cut the
man’s tubes ( vasectomy)
to cut
the body ( incise)
act of
cutting body ( incision)
Schola school
place of
learning ( school)
a person
who learns ( scholar)
act of
learning ( scholarship)
a
learning process ( scholastic)
Scribo (scriptus) I write
an ancient writer (scribe)
baby writing (scribble)
writing from the Bible (Scripture)
write down (describe)
act of writing down (description)
write in (inscribe)
act of writing in (inscription)
document for chemist (prescription)
Specio (spectus) I see
something worth seeing (spectacle)
worth seeing (spectacular)
animal seen (species)
see into (inspect)
look down (despise)
Traho (tractus) I draw
farm
machine (tractor)
draw out (extract)
draw together (contract)
broken limbs in hospital bed (traction)
draw down ( detract)
Terra the earth
relating to the earth (terrestrial)
middle of the earth (Mediterranean)
firm land (terra firma)
under the earth (subterranean)
bury a body (inter)
Video (vissus) I see
able to be seen (visible)
not able to be seen (invisible)
sight (vision)
to see again (revision)
type of TV set (video)
Terra the earth
relating to the earth (terrestrial)
middle of the earth (Mediterranean)
firm land (terra firma)
under the earth (subterranean)
bury a body (inter)
Video (vissus) I see
able to be seen (visible)
not able to be seen (invisible)
sight (vision)
to see again (revision)
type of TV set (video)
Volvo (volvus) I roll
to roll a Government (revolution)
a gun that rolls (revolver)
a car that rolls (Volvo)
Latin roots can enrich understanding of PNG and Australian students. But most younger teachers did not learn Latin and Greek roots at school. There are many more that will be posted here soon.
What is the Tok Pisin word from Latin? It is 'amamas' from the Latin 'ameas' meaning happy or love. Other countries in the Roman Empire took the root word too - French (amour) Italian (amo) English (amicable, amiable and amorous).
GREEK ROOTS
Baros weight
measures weight of air (barometer)
linking places of equal atmospheric pressure ( isobar)
Demos the people
government of the people (democracy)
belonging to the people (democratic)
action of the people ( demonstration)
Grapho I write
write in light (photograph)
write in sound ( phonograph)
a substance for writing ( graphite)
Metron a measure
measure of distance ( metre)
measures quantity ( meter)
measures weight of air (barometer)
Micros small
measures small objects (micrometer)
small creature in the body (microbe)
views small objects ( microscope)
small islands (micronesia)
Nesia an island
many islands (polynesia)
small islands (micronesia)
Pathos feeling
feeling (pathos)
feeling
for someone ( sympathy)
no
feeling for someone ( apathy)
feeling
against someone ( antipathy)
deserving
of pity ( pathetic)
Phos light
writing in light (photograph)
chemical that gives light (phosphorus)
make chemicals by light ( photosynthesis)
measure a winner by light (photo-finish)
able to take sweet photos (photogenic)
Phonos sound
sound from afar ( telephone)
old device for writing in sound (phonograph)
learning to read by sounds ( phonics)
study of sounds of speech ( phonetics)
Polis a city
body of people to look after a city (police)
belonging to a city ( metropolitan)
a city (metropolis)
cultural variety in a city ( cosmopolitan)
affairs of a city ( politics)
Therme heat
measures heat (thermometer)
relating to heat ( thermal)
Tele afar
hears from afar ( telephone)
sees from afar (television)
gets messages from afar (telepathy)
prints from afar ( teleprinter)
communicates from afar (telecommunication)
Zoon an animal
study of animals ( zoology)
place for animals ( zoo, zoological garden)
animal living in spores (sporozoite)
Logos a study
study of animals ( zoology)
study of life ( biology)
study of personal stars ( astrology)
study of tissues ( pathology)
study of parasites ( parasitology)
Skopeo I view
see from afar ( telescope)
seeing a view (scope)
see small objects ( microscope)
TEST YOUR WORD
KNOWLEDGE
gathering of
lecturers working ( lego lectus - I gather college)
a gathering
of ideas to make a talk ( lecture)
accusations
gathered together ( allegations)
make
accusations (allege)
to prepare a
law ( legis –
law legislate)
a place of
law making ( legislature)
according to
law ( legal)
land that
rises ( gradior
I rise gradient)
rising of
students at school ( grades)
make something
go down ( degrade)
rise from
study ( graduate)
rising
ceremony at school ( graduation)
a slow
rising ( gradual)
climb up ( scando I climb, ascend)
climb down
(descend)
a public
issue that rises ( scandal)
rising of
Jesus ( ascension)
to
press (premo pressus I press pressure)
press from
above ( supreme)
press out (
express)
press into a
person’s admiration (impress)
act of
pressing admiration ( impression)
press down (
depress)
act of
pressing down (depression)
press
together (compress)
act of pressing
together ( compression)
press back (
repress)
act of
pressing back ( repression)
in good
faith ( bona
good, bona fides)
money given
for good work ( bonus)
a wonderful
discovery ( bonanza)
a small
house ( Casa a
house – casa)
my house is
your house ( Spanish- Mi casa su casa)
large house
( castle)
having faith
( Fides faith,
fidelity)
talk in
faith ( confidential)
faithfulness
in keeping secret ( confidentiality)
faithful dog
( Fido)
not having
faith ( infidelity)
a person not
having faith ( infidel)
a place with
houses (villa - a house villa, village)
people who
live in a place with houses ( villagers)
a person
skilled at languages (lingua –language - linguist)
language of
a nation (lingua franca)
belonging to
the sea (mare the
sea, marine, maritime)
middle of
the earth sea (terra
the earth, mediterranean)
a large
group of stars ( stella – a star , constellation)
star of the
Sea (Catholic school name) ( Stella Maris)
state of
death in a body ( mortis death – rigor mortis)
place where
bodies are kept ( mortuary)
a person
born in a country ( nascor I am born – native)
a country
becoming a state (nation)
between
nations ( international)
across a
nation (transnational)
hanging from
a girl’s neck ( pendeo
I hang – pendant)
to hang (suspend)
to carry
across ( porto –
portus - I carry transport)
to send
across ( mitto I
send, transmit)
go forward (cedo cessus
–I go, proceed)
go outside
limits (exceed)
a group of
people going forward (procession)
go between (
intercede)
driving of
our blood (pello
pulsus I drive pulse)
drive
forward (propel)
drive back
(repel)
blade that
drives an aircraft ( propeller)
act of
driving back (repulsion)
driving
feeling (impulse)
able to be
carried (porto I carry portable)
carry out
the country (export)
carry into
the country ( import)
carry across
the country (transport)
carry down
and out of the country (deport)
able to be
carried (portable)
looks after
teeth (dens
dentis a tooth, dentist)
false teeth
( dentures)
meat inside
a tooth ( dentine)
glasses we wear (specio spectus I see, spectacles)
A variety of
animal or plant ( species)
Really worth
seeing ( special, spectacular)
Look into
and examine (inspect)
Look back to
with honour (respect)
A ghost that
we see ( spectre)
ability to
see ( video
vissus I see vision)
able to be
seen ( visible)
not able to
be seen ( invisible)
box that
shows pictures from afar (tele afar,
television)
device that
enables us to speak afar (telephone)
device that
enables us to see afar (telescope)
device that
enables us to write afar. (telegraph, teleprinter)
see again
during study ( revise)
act of
seeing again (revision)
where two
parts join or meet (jungo I join, junction)
sickness
that joins eye lids together (conjunctivitis)
wall that
divides a room into parts (partus –a part, partition)
small rooms
joined together (compartments)
parts of an
organization (departments)
make
something (facio
I make manufacture)
place where
products are made ( factory)
Sacred Heart
(French) (cor
the heart Sacre Coeur)
strong heart
( courage)
having
strong heart (courageous)
heart of the
fruit in a bottle (cordial)
dead body ( corpus the body
corpse)
body of
companies ( corporation)
body of
Christ ( Catholic school) ( Corpus Christi)
being fat in
body (corpulent)
a body of
soldiers ( corps)
in charge of
a group of soldiers (corporal)
make a
company become a legal body (incorporate)
hundredth of
a dollar (centum
a hundred, cent)
hundred
years ( century)
hundred year
celebration (centenary)
in charge of
a hundred Roman soldiers (centurion)
arithmetic
system based on ten ( decem – ten decimal)
tenth month
in ancient Rome ( December)
fall of ten
years (decade)
reduce by
one tenth ( decimate)
pouring of
money (fundo
fundus I pour fund)
money poured
back to the buyer ( refund)
device for
pouring petrol ( funnel)
pouring
forth of flowers ( profusion)
draw out (traho tractus I
draw, extract)
act of
drawing out ( extraction)
draw
together ( contract)
broken body
drawn on a hospital bed ( traction)
send across
( transmit)
send out (
emit)
act of
sending out ( emission)
leads an
orchestra ( duco
– ductus I lead, conductor)
an English
leader ( Duke)
an Italian
leader ( Duce)
lead forward
( produce)
lead
backwards (reduce)
made by hand
(manus the hand
manufacture)
written by
hand ( scribo
scriptus I write manuscript)
leads water
by canal ( duco
ductus I lead aquaduct, viaduct)
leads the
ova in a woman’s body ( oviduct)
greatness ( magnus great
magnificent)
a great
business person ( magnate)
make great (magnify)
make new
again ( Novus
new, renovate)
person who
is new ( novice)
new idea (
novel)
make
peaceful ( pax
peace pacify)
make into a
god ( deus a god
deify)
make right (
regis right
rectify)
a child’s
writing ( scribo
scriptus I write scribble)
writings
from the Bible ( Scripture)
write down (
describe)
act of
writing down ( description)
to hang
(depend, suspend)
one who
hangs ( dependant)
not hanging
( independent)
turn back ( verto –vertus I
turn revert)
drive back (
pello pulsus I
drive repel, repulse)
a car that
rolls smoothly ( volvo I roll Volvo)
turning back
( revolve)
rolling a
country back by war ( revolution)
gun with a
chamber that rolls ( revolver)
freedom ( liber free,
liberty)
african
country of freed slaves ( Liberia)
make free (
liberate)
act of
making free ( liberation)
a friendly
person (amica
friendly amicable, amiable)
in early
times ( antigua
early, antiquity)
old quality
furniture (antiques)
SELECTING WORDS
Group 1
a. He went for an .....................
against measles ( jacio jectus).
b. The event had to be..............
because of rain (pono posis)
c. There is much tooth .............
because of too much sugar (cado)
d. Because of the low morality, society
became ..............(cado)
e. It was produced in a
...............located across the town (facio)
f.
The
dentist had to ..................the decayed tooth (traho)
g. My children .................on me (
pendeo)
h. The nation gained
..................in 1975 ( pendeo)
i.
The
company joined a ..................of companies ( corpus)
j.
The
house was built at the .......of the two rivers ( jungo)
depend, postponed, decay, injection, factory, corporation, decadent,
junction, extracted.
depend, postponed, decay, injection, factory, corporation, decadent,
junction, extracted.
Group 2
a. He fired a .....................at the shadow
in the room ( volvo)
b. The police were able to
....................the plot (pono posis)
c. They were told to
................down the road ( cedo)
d. They rowed to the shore as the tide
..................(cedo)
e. The ...................of the river
was very strong ( curro)
f.
You
must go to the ..............clinic if your tooth gives pain (dens)
g. The nurse put a .................in
his mouth ( therme)
h. The children went to see the animals
at the..........(zoon)
i.
He
travelled to ...................that was located near Japan ( nesia)
j.
He
broke the law as his action was not ..............(legis)
Expose, dental, zoo, legal,
thermometer, revolver, proceed, receded,
current, thermometer.
Group 3
a. Did you get .................to enter
the building (mitto)?
b. In New Zealand is an area of
......................springs ( therme)
c. The application was
..................as it was not suitable ( jacio jectus)
d. The machine .....................a
loud sound ( mitto)
e. The ..................had several
expatriate lecturers ( lego)
f.
The
man went to see an ancient ...........who wrote letters (scribo)
g. They ..................a large hole in the
ground (cavus)
h. The governor ............. a heavy
burden on the people (pono)
i.
She
...................a lovely song (pono posis)
j.
He
.....................a large amount of money in the bank (pono posis)
imposed, deposited, rejected,
college, excavated, emitted, thermal,
scribe, composed, permit,
scribe, composed, permit,
Group 4
a. He did not ....................where
the money was hidden ( dico)
b. We
celebrated the hundred year ..................( centum)
c. The Roman legion was
..................for cowardice ( decem)
d. The message was
.....................by radio ( mitto)
e. They had to obtain a
................to build the fence ( mitto)
f.
The
report was ..................into English ( fero latus )
g. The men ......................down
the road ( cedo)
h. The tooth started to
........................ ( cado)
i.
The
horses were sent to the race .............(curro)
j.
Go
to the ..................clinic for tooth treatment ( dens)
translated, dental, transmitted,
proceeded, course, indicate,
decimated, decay, permit, centenary.
decimated, decay, permit, centenary.
Group 5
a. He was posted to a ship of the
.....................element ( mare)
b. He was an ..................who was
sent to the moon (aster)
c. A hole in the ground ( cavus)
d. Middle of the earth sea .....................(
terra)
e. It was a ................written by
hand in early times ( manus scribo)
f.
The
river .....................was very strong ( curro)
g. Roman peace ..................( pax)
h. It was pressed together ...................(
premo pressus)
i.
The
enemy was driven back ..............................(pello)
j.
He was the ..........................of the
orchestra ( duco)
Current, maritime, cave, Pax
Romana, Mediterranean, repelled, astronaut,
manuscript, conductor,
compressed.
Group 6
a. The tools were led forward
.......................(duco)
b. He was a ........................of the
English court ( duco)
c. The cargo was ........................by
container ( porto)
d. The man was ...................from the
country (porto)
e. The news was ....................by the
soldier ( porto)
f.
Romans built a ....................to carry
water ( duco)
g. The mountain was ....................from far
away ( video)
h. He ............ his school work again ( video)
i.
It
was a new ..................... of insect (specio)
j.
He
checked my temperature with a ...................(therme, metron)
visible, produced, deported, viaduct/aqueduct,
revised, Duke,
species, thermometer, transported.
species, thermometer, transported.
Group 7
a. He spoke to the leader by
........................ (phonos, tele)
b. The criminal was arrested by
.......................(polis)
c. We must not speed in the
........................area ( polis)
d. We studied ....................to
learn about animals ( zoon)
e. In our study of ................we
learned about rocks (ge)
f.
We
learned about the body in.......................(physio)
g. Plants live by
............................(phos)
h. We kept a file of
.........................(phos, grapho)
i.
We
had.........................for her as she was very sick (pathos)
j.
I
had ...................for him as I had the same problem (pathos)
physiology, metropolitan,
empathy, zoology, police, telephone,
geology, photosynthesis, sympathy, photographs.
geology, photosynthesis, sympathy, photographs.
Group 8
a. He cut the line into two ( secto)
b. The animal was .....................
with a knife ( secto)
c. The boy was .......................to
another school ( fero)
d. The ........................took
place with much bloodshed ( volvo)
e. The woman ....................her breast milk
out ( premo, pressus)
f.
The
lever was .......................to stop the engine (premo)
g. He ..................the girl with his singing
( premo, pressus)
h. Produce was ......................to
Australia ( porto)
i.
Electronic
equipment was .................from Australia ( porto)
j.
There
was a small................found that held drugs ( pars)
exported, transferred, compartment, expressed,
impressed, bisected,
revolution, dissected, depressed,
imported.
Group 9
a. There is a verse in
........................about love of God ( scribo)
b. Read the ........................on the grave
( scribo)
c. They ran through the
................door to the road outside ( ex )
d. There was a ..................flag flying from
the window ( pendeo)
e. PNG became ....................in 1975 (
pendeo)
f.
The
car was ......................to avoid the road block ( verto)
g. Get a ..................from the
doctor before going to the chemist (scribo)
h. He did not want to
..................in the race (pars, partus)
i.
They
tried to .................the problem to make people angry ( magnus)
j.
He
was a mining ..................who was very rich ( magnus)
participate, exit, independent, prescription, magnify, reversed,
magnate, Scripture, pennant, inscription.
Group 10
a. There were many red blood
........................ ( corpus)
b. In Latin, the body of Christ is
...........................(corpus)
c. In French, Sacred Heart is ...................(coeur)
d. His sickness ....................many
times ( curro)
e. He was taught running writing (
curro)
f.
He
did not do good work as he was a ...............( novus)
g. American slaves lived in a new
African colony ( liber)
h. The Jews were ....................from
the prison camps ( liber)
i.
They
shouted they wanted .....................( liber)
j.
After
marine studies, we were given............studies ( terra)
recurred, corpuscles, liberated, Corpus Christie,
Novice, terrestrial,
Liberty, Sacre Coeur, cursive, Liberia
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